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Biology > Unit 6- Physiology > Flashcards

Unit 6- Physiology Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards
1
Q

Human digestive system parts

A

mouth, esophagus, stomach, gallbladder, liver, pancreas, small intestine, large intestine, anus

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2
Q

parts in the structure of the small intestine

A

mucosa, submucosa, longitudinal muscle layer, circular muscle layer, villi

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3
Q

waves of muscle contraction that pushes food down and constricts the gut to push food up

A

peristalsis

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4
Q

macromolecules digested into monomers in small intestine

A

proteins, starch, glycogen, lipids and nucleic acids (cellulose remain undigested)

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5
Q

Pancreas secretes three types of enzymes into the lumen of the small intestine

A

lipase (lipids->fatty acids & glycerol), endopeptidase (polypeptides->shorter peptides), amylase (starch->maltose)

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6
Q

types of molecules in starch

A

amylose and amylopectin (amylose breaks the 1,4 bonds in amylose but not the 1,6 bonds in glucose)

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7
Q

fragments of amylopectin not digestible by amylase

A

dextrins

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8
Q

digestions of starch completed by enzymes in…

A

the membranes of microvilli on villus epithelium cells. maltase and dextrinase digest maltose and dextrins into glucose

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9
Q

blood carries these products and how

A

blood carrying glucose and other products of digestion flows through villus capillaries to venules in the submucosa of the wall of the small intestine. the blood is carried via the hepatic portal vein to the liver, where excess glucose is absorbed and converted to glycogen for storage

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10
Q

where are nutrients absorbed

A

by the epithelium, principally in the small intestine and the villi provides a large surface area

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11
Q

Methods of absorption in epithelium

A

Simple Diffusion (fatty acids and monoglycerides), Facilitated diffusion (fructose), Active Transport (sodium, calcium and iron), Endocytosis (triglycerides and cholesterol)

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12
Q

Other example of transport of nutrients

A

glucose absorbed by sodium co-transporter proteins which move glucose and sodium together

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13
Q

Modelling absorption

A

Dialysis tubing, where cola’s glucose and phosphoric acid is expected to diffuse through the tubing but caramel does not.

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14
Q

the main artery of circulatory system that carries blood from the left side of the heart to the arteries of all limbs and organs except the lungs.

A

Aorta

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15
Q

a small terminal branch of an artery that connects with a capillary.

A

Arteriole

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16
Q

a vessel that carries blood away from the heart to organs through the body.

A

Artery

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17
Q

a chamber that receives blood returning to the heart.

A

Atrium (plural atria)

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18
Q

the hydrostatic force that blood exerts against the wall of a blood vessel.

A

Blood pressure

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19
Q

a microscopic blood vessel that penetrates the tissues and consists of a single layer of endothelial cells to allow exchange with interstitial fluid.

A

Capillary

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20
Q

the volume of blood pumped per minute by the left ventricle of the heart.

A

Cardiac output

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21
Q

the minimum blood pressure during relaxation of heart muscles.

A

Diastolic pressure

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22
Q

a thick, yellow connective-tissue fibre composed principally of elastin and characterized by giving great elasticity to tissues in the body.

A

Elastic fibres

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23
Q

a hormone produced as a response to stress, also called adrenaline.

A

Epinephrine

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24
Q

the lowest part of the brain that controls autonomic and homeostatic functions.

A

Medulla

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25
Q

a contraction of the heart without external stimulation from a nerve.

A

Myogenic contraction

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26
Q

a specialized region of the right atrium that sets the rate of heart contraction

A

Pacemaker, also called the sinoatrial (SA) node.

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27
Q

the separated circulatory system that links the lungs and heart in humans.

A

Pulmonary circulation

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28
Q

the force of blood leaving the heart in one heartbeat; it is felt where arteries pass near the skin.

A

Pulse

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29
Q

the separated circulatory system that links the heart to the rest of the body.

A

Systemic circulation

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30
Q

the maximum blood pressure caused by heart muscles contracting and pumping blood.

A

Systolic pressure

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31
Q

the maximum blood pressure caused by heart muscles contracting and pumping blood.

A

Systolic pressure

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32
Q

a membranous structure in a hollow organ or passage that folds or closes to prevent the return flow of the body fluid passing through it.

A

Valve

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33
Q

when the circular muscles in the artery wall contract, narrowing the lumen.

A

Vasoconstriction

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34
Q

when the circular muscles relax, increasing the lumen size and hence blood flow to downstream tissues.

A

Vasodilation

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35
Q

a vessel that returns blood to the heart.

A

Vein

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36
Q

the chambers on the left and right side of the heart that receive blood from the atria and contract to force it into the aorta and pulmonary artery respectively.

A

Ventricles

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37
Q

the name of the active HIV infection characterized by the reduction of T-cells and the appearance of characteristic secondary infections.

A

AIDS (Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome)

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38
Q

a chemical that kills or inhibits growth of bacteria by deregulation of metabolic pathways.

A

Antibiotic

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39
Q

an antigen-binding protein produced by B-cells.

A

Antibody

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40
Q

the process by which blood becomes thick and stops flowing, forming a solid cover over any place where your skin has been cut or broken.

A

Blood clotting

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41
Q

proteins in the plasma that serve to activate various parts of the blood clotting process by being transformed from inactive to active forms. Also known as coagulation factors.

A

Clotting factors

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42
Q

the activated form of the blood-clotting protein fibrinogen.

A

Fibrin

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43
Q

a protein in the blood plasma that is essential for the coagulation of blood and is converted to fibrin by the action of thrombin.

A

Fibrinogen

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44
Q

a white blood cell that could be a B-cell or a T-cell.

A

Lymphocyte

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45
Q

the totality of all the chemical processes in an organism, consisting of anabolic and catabolic mechanisms.

A

Metabolism

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46
Q

a long-lived cell of the immune system that has previously encountered a specific antigen and that upon re-exposure produces large amounts of antibody.

A

Memory cell

47
Q

membrane lining all body passages and having cells and associated glands that secrete mucus. Also called mucosa.

A

Mucous membranes

48
Q

any organism that causes disease, such as a bacterium or fungus.

A

Pathogen

49
Q

any of the antibiotic drugs obtained from penicillium moulds or produced synthetically, most active against gram-positive bacteria and used in the treatment of various infections and diseases.

A

Penicillin

50
Q

a type of white cell that carries endocytosis of large foreign substances.

A

Phagocytic white blood cells

51
Q

any of the antibody-producing cells, and derived from B-cells. It plays a major role in antibody-mediated immunity reacting with a specific antigen.

A

Plasma cell

52
Q

a small fragment of red blood cells found in the blood plasma that functions to promote blood clotting.

A

Platelet

53
Q

a protease in blood that facilitates blood clotting by converting fibrinogen to fibrin.

A

Thrombin

54
Q

a clot formed in the coronary arteries.

A

Thrombus

55
Q

air sac that constitutes the gas exchange surface of the lungs.

A

alveolus (alveoli)

56
Q

a muscle that opposes the action of another.

A

Antagonistic muscle

57
Q

the two main branches of the trachea that go into the lungs; this then further divides into the bronchioles and alveoli.

A

Bronchi

58
Q

any of the fine, thin-walled, tubular extensions of a bronchus.

A

Bronchioles

59
Q

one of the minute blood vessels that connect arterioles and veins where the interchange of various substances occur.

A

Capillary

60
Q

the gradient resulting from an unequal distribution of ions across the cell membrane.

A

Concentration gradient

61
Q

a dome-shaped muscular partition separating the thorax from the abdomen. It plays a major role in breathing as its contraction increases the volume of the thorax and so inflates the lungs.

A

Diaphragm

62
Q

a chronic respiratory disease where there is over-inflation of the air sacs (alveoli) in the lungs causing a decrease in lung function and often breathlessness.

A

Emphysema

63
Q

the study of the incidence and causes of disease.

A

Epidemiology

64
Q

when the muscles of the thorax contract to cause the volume to decrease, this increases the pressure in the lungs and air moves from the higher pressure inside the lungs to the lower pressure outside the body.

A

Expiration

65
Q

when the air moves from a higher pressure (outside the body) to the lower pressure (inside the lungs).

A

Inspiration

66
Q

muscles found between the ribs. They are mainly involved in the mechanical aspect of breathing.

A

Intercostal muscles

67
Q

one of the cells lining the alveoli (the air sacs) in the lung that assists in gas exchange and in the secretion of pulmonary surfactant.

A

Pneumocyte

68
Q

an instrument for measuring the volume of air entering and leaving the lungs.

A

Spirometer

69
Q

the force that causes the molecules on the surface of a liquid to be pushed together and form a layer.

A

Surface tension

70
Q

a substance composed of lipoprotein that is secreted by the alveolar cells of the lung and serves to maintain the stability of pulmonary tissue by reducing the surface tension of fluids that coat the lung.

A

Surfactant

71
Q

the volume of air inspired or expired in a single breath during regular breathing.

A

Tidal volume

72
Q

thin-walled, cartilaginous tube descending from the larynx to the bronchi and carrying air to the lungs.

A

Trachea

73
Q

the volume of air passing into and out of the lungs per minute.

A

Ventilation rate

74
Q

a molecule released by neurons at the neuromuscular junction that causes muscle contraction.

A

Acetylcholine

75
Q

a localized change in electrical potential, from about -70 mV to +30 mV and back again, that occurs across a nerve fibre during transmission of a nerve impulse.

A

Action potential

76
Q

the long thread-like extension of a nerve cell that conducts nerve impulses from the cell body.

A

Axon of neurons

77
Q

a junction between two cells that employs acetylcholine as its transmitter substance.

A

Cholinergic synapse

78
Q

the process of development or formation of a myelin sheath around a nerve fibre.

A

Myelination

79
Q

a specialized, impulse-conducting cell that is the functional unit of the nervous system, consisting of the cell body and its processes, the axon, and dendrites.

A

Neuron

80
Q

a substance that transmits nerve impulses across a synapse.

A

Neurotransmitter

81
Q

an electronic instrument used to observe and measure changing electrical signals.

A

Oscilloscope

82
Q

a neuron from which an electrical impulse is transmitted across a synaptic cleft to a postsynaptic neuron by the release of a chemical neurotransmitter.

A

Presynaptic neuron

83
Q

the delay after repolarization where the resting potential is restored.

A

Refractory period

84
Q

the change in membrane potential that returns the membrane potential to a negative value after the depolarization phase of an action potential.

A

Repolarization

85
Q

the potential difference between the two sides of the membrane of a nerve cell when the cell is not conducting an impulse.

A

Resting potential

86
Q

the propagation of action potentials along myelinated axons from one node of Ranvier to the next node, increasing the conduction velocity of action potentials.

A

Saltatory conduction

87
Q

the junction between two nerve cells, consisting of a minute gap across which impulses pass by neurotransmitters.

A

Synapses

88
Q

the critical level to which the membrane potential must be depolarized in order to initiate an action potential.

A

Threshold potential

89
Q

a type of connective tissue that contains stored cellular fat.

A

Adipose Tissue

90
Q

cells in the pancreas that make insulin, a hormone that controls the level of glucose (a type of sugar) in the blood.

A

Beta cells (β-cells)

91
Q

the concentration of glucose in the blood, measured in milligrams of glucose per 100 ml of blood. Normal adult blood glucose levels range from 70 to 115 mg/100 ml.

A

Blood glucose

92
Q

a physiological cycle of about 24 hours present in eukaryotic organisms that persists even in the absence of external cues.

A

Circadian rhythm

93
Q

a group of metabolic diseases in which a person has high blood sugar, either because the pancreas does not produce enough insulin, or because cells do not respond to the insulin that is produced.

A

Diabetes

94
Q

an organism in its early stages of development, especially before it has reached a distinctively recognizable form.

A

Embryo

95
Q

the male and female sex organs in the embryo.

A

Embryonic gonads

96
Q

a female steroid hormone produced by the ovaries and responsible for promoting and maintenance of female secondary sex characteristics.

A

Estrogen

97
Q

a reproductive cell or sex cell that contains the haploid set of chromosomes, e.g. sperm cell (male reproductive cell) and egg cell (female reproductive cell).

A

Gamete

98
Q

a hormone secreted by the pancreas that raises blood glucose levels by hydrolysing glycogen molecules in the liver.

A

Glucagon

99
Q

a substance, usually a peptide or steroid, produced by one tissue and transported by the blood to another to affect physiological activity, such as growth or metabolism.

A

Hormone

100
Q

a region of the brain that functions as the main control centre for the autonomic nervous system.

A

Hypothalamus

101
Q

a hormone that lowers blood glucose levels by promoting the uptake of glucose by most body cells and the storage in the liver.

A

Insulin

102
Q

an adipose-derived hormone that plays a key role in regulating energy intake and expenditure, including appetite and hunger, metabolism, and behaviour.

A

Leptin

103
Q

a hormone derived from serotonin that plays a role in sleep, ageing, and reproduction in mammals.

A

Melatonin

104
Q

the monthly series of physiological changes in women that occurs in the uterus and ovary for the purpose of sexual reproduction. If the egg is not fertilized, the lining of the uterus breaks down and is discharged during menstruation.

A

Menstrual cycle

105
Q

the chemical processes occurring within a living cell or organism during a certain period.

A

Metabolic rate

106
Q

when the system responds in an opposite direction to a perturbation.

A

Negative feedback

107
Q

a long, irregularly-shaped gland in vertebrates that secretes pancreatic juice into the small intestine and insulin and glucagon into the bloodstream.

A

Pancreas

108
Q

a small, cone-shaped organ in the brain that secretes the hormone melatonin.

A

Pineal gland

109
Q

an endocrine gland that secretes nine hormones that regulate homeostasis.

A

Pituitary gland

110
Q

feedback in which the system responds to a perturbation in the same direction as the perturbation.

A

Positive feedback

111
Q

a steroid hormone secreted by the corpus luteum of the ovary and the placenta that acts to prepare the uterus for implantation of the fertilized ovum, to maintain pregnancy, and to promote development of the mammary glands.

A

Progesterone

112
Q

a steroid hormone and the principal male sex hormone.

A

Testosterone

113
Q

an endocrine gland at the base of the neck that makes and stores hormones that help regulate the rates of metabolism, growth, and development.

A

Thyroid gland

114
Q

an iodine-containing hormone produced by the thyroid gland, that increases the rate of cell metabolism and regulates growth, and that is made synthetically for treatment of thyroid disorders.

A

Thyroxin

Biology (12 decks)

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