Unit 7- Memory and Cognition Flashcards
Encoding
when we take in information and process it (do something with it)
Storage
keeping or retaining information in your memory
Retrieval
getting information back out of your memory
Maintenance Rehearsal (Short Term)
when we repeat information over and over
memorize for a few minutes
Chunking
grouping information together
phone number
Elaborative Rehearsal
when you add details in order to remember more
examples of stories
Mnemonic Devices
unusual or strange associations
pons-> Bridge
Method of Loci
remember information by visualizing in a familiar place
memorizing numbers on bills video
Peg Words
use a list of constant terms to associate wth the list to memorize
Serial Position Effect- ( primacy/Recency)
Remembers first and last
US Presidents
Proactive Interference
when old info blocks our ability to remember new
moves houses, write down old address
Retroactive interference
when new information blocks your ability to remember old
Aaron K
Sensory Memory
3-4 seconds
brief visualization
ex. before test
Eidetic
ABSOLUTE photographic memory
Echoic
ABSOLUTE auditory memory
STM/ Working Memory
10-15 secoonds
about 7 pieces
Long Term Memory
limitless store case of information
Long Term Potentiation
the more we practice the more neural pathways devlop
think hiking trail
Brain part that stores facts
Hippocampus
Brain part that stores muscle memory
Cerebellum
Types of Long Term Memory
Cerebellum
Hippocampus
Cerebellum leads to
Non- Declarative/memory
Non- Declarative/memory leads to
classically conditioned memory
procedural memory
Hippocampus leads to
Declarative/Explicit Memory
Declarative/Explicit Memory leads to
Semantic and Episodic Memories
Episodic Memories leads to
Flashbulb memories
Non Declarative/Implicit Memory
doesnt take any effort to recall
Classically Conditioned Memory
involuntary
Procedural Memory
how to (w/o thought)
repetition
recipe, name
Declarative/Explicit Memory
takes effort to recall
Semantic Memory
words
knowledge
school
Episodic Memory
memories about our life
ex. 1st time
Flashbulb memories
vivid memories about our life
emotionally involved
Recognition
multiple choice
Recall
top of head
most difficult
Priming
preparing one to learn information
State Dependent Memory
remember best when there are many similar external factors
chewing gum
Mood-Congruent Memory
remember memories that are more constant with your current mood
when depressed you remember more times when you were feeling that down
3 ways that make retrieval easier
recognition/recall
priming
context
Retrograde Amnesia
can’t remember past
Anterograde Amnesia
can’t form new memories
10-15 seconds- Hippocampus damage
Repression
block out a traumatic memory
Source Amnesia
remember information, but not where you learned it from
Absent Mindedness
do something without encoding it and dont remember
ex. loosing phone
Loftus
misinformation effect
Ebbinghas
Forgetting Curve
misinformation effect
false information heard after a memory changes ur original
LAW CASES
Confabulation
creating a false memory
Reconstructive Memory
the actual false memory
Forgetting Curve
the idea that after we learn information we forget it
85% after one day
Cognition
process of learning, understanding, and remembering information
Concept
mental categories
Dogs- paw, fur, ears
Prototypes
main example of visual
fast food-mcdonalds
Algorithm
step by step procedure
multiple choice, trying every math answer for the right one
Heuristic
using a strategy
more error prone
puzzle- start with borders
Representativeness Heuristic
overestimate the likelihood of an answer or event based upon a STEREOTYPE
truck driver v ivy league
Availability Heuristic
overestimate the likely hood of an event based on VIVIDNESS
more die in car crash then plan crash
Fixation/Mental Set
continue to approach the problem the same way
stuck in a box
same coach plan every year
Functional Fixedness
only thinking of specific way to use an object
can only use a screwdriver to take out the nail
Automatic Processing
unconscious encoding
Acoustic Encoding
encoding of sound
Effortless Processing
processing that requires conscious effort
Semantic Coding
encoding of meaning
Visual encoding
encoding of picture images
iconic memory
sensory memory of visual stimuli
relearning
measure of memory
spacing efffect
the more often you practice the more u retain
vs learning for one long period of time
creativity
ability to produce new ideas
belief perseverance
staying with one’s original idea
ex. earth is flat
insight
sudden realization
framing
the way an issue is posed
can significantly change ones decision
Overconfidence
tendency to be more confident then correct
Declarative Memory
memory of facts and events
atkinson and shiffrin
model of memory
miller
cognitive psychology
kohler
Gestalt psychology.
