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AP Psychology > Unit 4- Sensation and Perception > Flashcards

Unit 4- Sensation and Perception Flashcards

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1
Q

Sensation

A

the way we take in information from the world around us

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2
Q

Perception

A

the way that we can process the information taken in through our senses

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3
Q

Bottom up processing

A

small details to big picture

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4
Q

top down processing

A

big picture and ignore small details

ex. scrambled letters

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5
Q

Selective Attention

A

the idea that our brain focuses its perception on what it believes to be most important at the time

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6
Q

Cocktail Party Effect

A

in a crowded space we will switch our attention to alert us to information that pertains to us
ex. name call

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7
Q

psychophysics

A

study of science behind how our senses work

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8
Q

Absolute Threshold

A

smallest amount of sensory stimulus that we can perceive

ex. candle 30 miles out

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9
Q

signal detection theory

A

idea that absolute threshold is dependent on many factors

e. experience, motivation, attention

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10
Q

subliminal messages

A

pieces of sensory information that exists below threshold

ex. primes but doesnt force

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11
Q

difference threshold

A

smallest amount we need to increase or decrease of a sense in order to notice the difference

ex. change in volume of music

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12
Q

Weber’s Law

A

The difference depends on a percentage range of the overall sensory stimulant
ex. by 10%

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13
Q

Sensory Adaptation

A

after perceiving a sense for an extended period of time we no longer notice it
ex. house no longer smells

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14
Q

Wavelength

A

effects the color visible to the eye

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15
Q

Optic Nerve

A

branch of neurons that connect our eye to our brain

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16
Q

Fovea

A

center for cones

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17
Q

retina

A

reflective covering of the back of the eye that contains rods and cones

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18
Q

Iris

A
  • muscle
  • colored
  • contracts and expands to light
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19
Q

pupil

A

hole that allows the light and image to enter the eye

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20
Q

cornea

A

protective covering of the eye

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21
Q

Lens

A

disk that changes shape to reflect the image into our eye

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22
Q

Blind Spot

A

where the optic nerve connects to the retina

small gap with no nerves

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23
Q

Rods

A

Receptors on ur Retina that help u see

Black & White/ Dark/ Peripheral

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24
Q

Cones

A

Color/ Light/ Central

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25
Q

Feature Detectors

A

neurons in the occipital lobe that allows us to see angles, shapes, and movement

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26
Q

Young-Helmholtz Trichromatic Theory

A

we see color because of 3 main color cones in our retina

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27
Q

Opponent Process Theory

A

color vision depends on opposing sets in the OCCIPITAL LOBE

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28
Q

Pinna

A
  • outer ear

- collects sound

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29
Q

Ear Canal

A

passageway

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30
Q

Ear Drum

A

membrane that vibrates to amplify sound

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31
Q

3 tiny bones

A

hammer, anvil, stirrup

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32
Q

hammer, anvil, stirrup purpose

A

amplify sound

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33
Q

frequency of sound waves determines

A

the pitch

34
Q

Semi circular canal

A

balance

35
Q

auditory nerve

A

connects to brain

36
Q

transduction

A

when a sensory message is turned into a neural message

37
Q

Cochlea

A

filled with fluid and hair

transduce sound

38
Q

Frequency Theory

A

perception of pitch is determined by the speed that the sound waves travel down the auditory nerve

cant explain high pitch because neuron cant fire fast enough

39
Q

Volhelmholtz place theory

A

the pitch that we hear is determined by the sound waves striking the cochlea

cant explain low pitch
location hitting is hard to measure

40
Q

Conduction Hearing Loss

A

damage to the outer or middle ear, thus causing sound to not be loud enough
(after born-damage, etc)

41
Q

Sensorineural Hearing Loss

A

problems with the inner ear (cochlea and auditory never)

born with

42
Q

Cochlear inplants can fix what type of hearing loss

A

Sensorineural Hearing Loss

43
Q

Inner ear

A

chochlea and auditory nerves

44
Q

Coetaneous and Tactile

A

touch

45
Q

touch receptors respond to

A

pressure
pain
temp

46
Q

Gate Control Theory

A

needs to have a certain amount of small fibers, sensory receptors r activated to open the large sensory receptors (brain, spine)

47
Q

Taste

A

Gustatory Sense

48
Q

5 tastes and reasons

A 
sweet- energy (glucose)
sour-spoiled
salty- sodium (neuron firings)
bitter- poison
umami-protein
49
Q

Smell

A

Olfactory Sense

50
Q

Sensory Interaction

A

when 2 sense r strongly impacted by one another

taste/smell….smell/memory

51
Q

Kinesthesis sense

A

sense of where body parts r when in relation to eachother

52
Q

vestibular sense

A

overall sense of body position and balance

53
Q

Proprioceptors

A

special neurons that allows us to sense our body position

54
Q

illusions

A

mistakes in perception usually because of our expectations, experience, or top down processing

55
Q

Perceptual Set

A

when our experience or expectation affects what we perceive

(mouse or face)

56
Q

color constancy

A

we tend to assume that colors remain constant, even when they appear differecnt b/c of the lighting

57
Q

Gestalt

A

idea that our brains will create an image that makes sense or looks complete
ex. horse

58
Q

Similarity

A

grouping together similar things

column

59
Q

closure

A

brain tends to finish images

open triangles

60
Q

proximity

A

tends to group things that are similar to one another

vertical lines

61
Q

connectedness/ continuity

A

our brain understands that an object continues

62
Q

Visual Cliff

A

BABIES CAN PERCEIVE DEPTH

63
Q

Monocular cues

A

need one eye

64
Q

Interposition

A

when we know an object is closer to us because it blocks all other objects behind it

65
Q

visual texture

A

objects that r closer to us have greater amounts of visual detail

66
Q

Binocular Cues

A

needs 2 eyes

67
Q

Retinal Disparity

A

when one eye percieve an image slightly different then the other, but then they blend the 2 together = greater depth perception
ex. thumb

68
Q

what helps with depth perception

A

retinal disparity

69
Q

Eleanor Gibson and richard walk

A

visual cliff

70
Q

Ernest Weber

A

WEBER’s LAW

71
Q

Herman von Helmholtz

A

Young–Helmholtz theory

72
Q

phi phenomenon

A

optical illusion of perceiving a series of still images, when viewed in rapid succession, as continuous motion.

73
Q

Perceptual constancy

A

tendency to perceive an object you are familiar with as having a constant shape, size, and brightness despite the stimuli changes that occur

74
Q

extrasensory perception

A

sixth sense or second sight

75
Q

parapsychology

A

study concerned with the investigation of paranormal and psychic phenomena

ex. near death

76
Q

hearing

A

auditory

77
Q

middle ear

A

3 bones

78
Q

parallel processing

A

the ability of the brain to simultaneously process incoming different stimuli

79
Q

cornea

A

outermost layer

80
Q

Accommodation

A

changes optical power to maintain a clear image or focus on an object as its distance varies

AP Psychology (11 decks)

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