Unit 3: Biological Bases of Behavior Flashcards
The Nervous system splits into what 2 parts?
- Central NS
- Peripheral NS
The Peripheral NS splits into what 2 parts?
- Autonomic
- Somatic
Autonomic NS
- Automatic movements
ex. Breathing, blinking….
Somatic NS
-Voluntary movements
The autonomic NS splits into what 2 parts?
- Sympathetic
- Parasympathetic
Sympathetic NS
- when under stress
ex. heart rate increases, breathing, dilatation of eyes, digestive system slows
Parasympathetic NS
- to calm one done after Sympathetic Reaction
Endocrine System
- made up of glands and hormones
- through blood stream
Pituitary Gland
- brain
- growth
Pineal
- brain
- circadian rhythm
- melatonin
Thyroid
- neck
- metabolism
Adrenal
- by kidneys
- releases adrenaline
Pancreas
- stomach region
- controls blood sugar (Insulin)
3 types of neurons
- Motor
- Interneuron
- sensory
Motor neuron
-controls movements
Interneuron
- connects the 2 (messenger)
Sensory Neuron
- senses
Dendrite
-where the message enters the neuron
Cell Body/ Soma
- Contains “normal” cell parts
Axon
-long fiber that a message travels through
Axon terminal
- where the message leaves
Myelin Sheath
- covers the axon
- helps message move faster
Action Potential (3 phases)
- Resting potential
- Action Potential
- Refractory Period
Resting Period
+ ions are outside and - are inside
-no message/ no movement
Action Potential
+ flood in and - are still inside
-gates upon and positive ions rush in
Refractory Period
+ move back to outside and - stay in
- moved out
- nothing created or destroyed
Synapse
-gap between the axon terminal one one neuron and the dendrite of another
Neurotransmitters
- chemicals that travel from one neuron to the next to send a message
Excitatory
- sends message to next neuron
Inhibitory
- stops message
Reuptake
- the extra neurotransmitters go back into the terminal of which they came
Acetylcholine
- learning
-memory
-muscle contraction
(Alzheimers/ Muscle Paralysis)
Dopamine
-rush of good feelings
-learning/ attention
-movements
-emotions
(Parkinson’s/ Schizophrenia)
Serotonin
-sleep
-mood
-hunger
-impulsivity
(Depression/ADD/ADHD)
Epinephrine
-Fight or flight response
Depressed mood
Endorphins
- happy
- block pain
GABA
-Inhibitory Neurotransmitters
Seizures, tremors, Insomnia
Glutamate
- excitatory
seizures/migraines
Drugs can affect neurotransmitters by
- mimic
- block reuptake
Brainstem/Medulla
-Involuntary Functions
Coma/Death/Paralysis
Pons
-Connects Medulla to cerebrum and cerebellum
dreaming,poor coordination, cant’t breathe-> bad muscle connections
Reticular Formation
Reticular Activating System
-Circadian Rhythm
Insomnia, drowsiness
Thalamus
-relay station for SENSORY info
synesthesia- blending of senses
Cerebellum
-balance
-coordination
-posture
-muscle memory
(balance+coordination issues/paralysis)
Amygdala
-extreme emotions
-control center
(depression/anxiety)
Hypothalamus
Regulates: -temp -hunger -thirst (weird temp conditions/unusual eating)
Hippocampus
-short to long term memory
Amnesia
Limbic System
-controls emotion and stress response
over emotion
Glial Cells
-brain cells that support and nourish neurons
bubble wrap
Fissures
- “wrinkles”
- creates SA
Cerebrum
- higher level thinking
- senses
Frontal Lobe
- decision making/judgment/logic/planning/reason
- also called prefrontal cortex
Pariental Lobe
- sense and touch
- pressure/pain/temp
Somatosensory Cortex
Phantom Pain
Temporal Lobe
-hearing/memory/speech
Occipital Lobe
-vision
Broca’s Area
-physical ability to make speech
LEFT SIDE
Wernicke’s Area
-ability to create meaningful/comprehendible speech
LEFT SIDE
Angular Gyrus
-ability to read out loud
Corpus Callosum
-band of fibers that connect the right and left brain
EEG
-electrodes on head
CAT Scan
-basic picture
MRI
-more detailed than CAT
PET Scan
- activity of brain
- glucose injected
FMRI
-hybrid between MRI and PET Scan
Hormones
-molecules produced by glands in multicellular organisms that are transported by the circulatory system to target distant organs to regulate physiology and behaviour
Parathyroid Gland
-parathyroid glands are four tiny glands, located in the neck, that control the body’s calcium levels
Threshold
-Most often, the threshold potential is a membrane potential value
Neurogenesis
-is the process of birth of neurons wherein neurons are generated from neural stem cells.
Corpus Callosum
-thick band of nerve fibers that divides the cerebral cortex lobes into left and right hemispheres. It connects the left and right sides
frontal association area
-by far the most developed part of the cerebral cortex, and the brain in genera
Left Brain
- math
- facts
- logic
Right Brain
- imagination
- rhythm
- arts
Cognitive Neuroscience
-a specific focus on the neural connections in the brain which are involved in mental processes
Dual Processing
-Often, the two processes consist of an implicit (automatic), unconscious process and an explicit (controlled), conscious process
Behavior Genetics
- is a field in which variation among individuals is separated into genetic versus environmental component
Heritability
-The first is a statistical definition, and it defines heritability as the proportion of phenotypic variance attributable to genetic variance.
