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AP Psychology > Unit 7: Memory > Flashcards

Unit 7: Memory Flashcards

1
Q

Encoding

A

A memory code; how we gather information to form a memory.

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2
Q

Storage

A

Maintaining Memory.

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3
Q

Retrieval

A

Recovery of Memory.

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4
Q

Selective Attention

A

The ability to choose among the various available inputs.

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5
Q

Feature Extraction

A

Locating the outstanding characteristics of incoming information.

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6
Q

Change Blindness

A

Failing to notice a change in the environment because you’re focused on something else.

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7
Q

Inattentive Blindness

A

Failing to realize the existence of something in the environment because you’re focused on something else.

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8
Q

Shallow Processing (Structural Encoding)

A

Visual/Structural: Memorization via looks.

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9
Q

Intermediate Processing (Phonemic Encoding)

A

Phonemic: Memorization via sound.

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10
Q

Deep Processing (Semantic Encoding)

A

Semantic: Memorization via meaning.

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11
Q

Self-Referent Encoding

A

Processing information deemed important or relevant more deeply (Easier to recall).

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12
Q

Elaboration

A

Linking a stimulus to other information at time of encoding.

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13
Q

Visualization (Method of Loci)

A

Visualizing memories to help recall (ex: Memory Palace, Method of Loci [Attaching household objects to memories])

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14
Q

Dual Coding

A

The linkage of both visual & semantic to help recall a memory.

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15
Q

Motivation to Remember (MTR)

A

Enhances recall (ex. speech).

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16
Q

Sperling’s Study

A

Flashed letters in subjects’ peripherals & results showed that it created a visual afterimage for memory.

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17
Q

Iconic Memory

A

A very brief, pre-categorical, high capacity memory store.

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18
Q

Echoic Memory

A

Retaining auditory information.

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19
Q

Eidetic Imagery

A

Photographic Memory.

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20
Q

Phonological Loop

A

Reciting something to hold the information.

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21
Q

Executive Control

A

Deployment of attention (completing a process) to hold information.

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22
Q

Visuospatial Sketchpad

A

Hold & manipulate images in your memory.

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23
Q

Episodic Buffer

A

Temporary limited capacity store to put info together.

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24
Q

Chunking

A

Breaking down a large memory into smaller pieces that are bound together.

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25
Q

The Petersons’ Study

A

A study that demonstrated that Short Term Memory lasts for about 18 seconds without buffering.

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26
Q

George Miller’s “Magic Number”

A

Within Short Term Memory you can remember roughly 7 things on average, with a standard deviation of 2 (so the entire range is 5-9).

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27
Q

Serial Position Effect

A

The tendency to most effectively recall the first & last several items in a list.

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28
Q

Primacy Effect

A

Remembering the info at the beginning of a list.

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29
Q

Recency Effect

A

Remembering the info at the end of a list.

30
Q

The capacity of Long Term Memory

A

Unlimited.

31
Q

The duration of Long Term Memory

A

Theoretically forever, but there are occasional problems with decay.

32
Q

Flashbulb Memory

A

The first 15 months of regaining a memory are highly accurate
The next 32 months will create about 40% major distortions

33
Q

Clustering

A

The tendency to remember similar or related items in groups.

34
Q

Priming

A

Exposure to one stimulus may influence a response to a subsequent stimulus without conscious guidance or intention.

35
Q

Recognition

A

Human memory is organized to make recognition easy.

36
Q

Recall

A

The active reconstruction of information.

37
Q

Conceptual Hierarchy

A

Multilevel classification system based on common properties among items.

38
Q

Schema

A

An organized cluster of knowledge about a particular object or event brought forth from previous experience with the object or event.

39
Q

Semantic Network

A

Network consisting of nodes representing concepts, joined together by pathways that link related concepts.

40
Q

Connectionist Network/Parallel Distributed Processes (PDP)

A

Specific memories correspond to particular patterns of activation across a network. Bind together all the elements of a memory.

41
Q

Tip of the Tongue Phenomenon

A

Poor encoding-retrieval cue not congruent to memory code.

42
Q

Confabulation

A

Remembering information not stored in memory (like making things up unintentionally about memories).

43
Q

Misinformation Effect

A

Certain wording that can affect the reconstruction of an older memory.

44
Q

Source Monitoring Error

A

The process of making attributions about the origins of memories.

45
Q

Reality Monitoring

A

The process of deciding whether memories are based on external sources (actual events) or internal sources (ones thoughts or imagination) (ex: did I turn the stove off before leaving?).

46
Q

Ebbinghaus’ Forgetting Curve

A

A curve that represents retention of memory using repetitive recall over time, levelling off at about 25%.

47
Q

Decay

A

The fading of memories (Ex: the game of Telephone)

48
Q

Retroactive Interference

A

New memories disturb old memories.

49
Q

Proactive Interference

A

Old memories disturb new memories.

50
Q

P.O.R.N.

A

A acronym for Proactive, Old, Retroactive, New.

51
Q

Retrograde Amnesia

A

Loss of information before the traumatic event (Ex: Forgetting who you are).

52
Q

Anterograde Amnesia

A

No new information can be retained (Ex: Clive Wearing).

53
Q

Implicit Memory

A

Incidental and unintentional remembering (Ex: walking or talking).

54
Q

Procedural Memory

A

Perceptual motor skills/conditioned responses (Ex: catching a ball, riding a bike, etc.)

55
Q

Explicit Memory

A

Intentional retention/memorization.

56
Q

Semantic Memory

A

General Knowledge, stored and not dated (Ex: Skills, Language, Rules, Words, etc).

57
Q

Episodic Memory

A

Dated recollections of personal experiences (Ex: What happened on March 13, 2020?).

58
Q

Prospective Memory

A

Remembering things in the future (Ex: A To-Do List).

59
Q

Retrospective Memory

A

Events or facts from the past (Ex: Super Bowl XXX Winning Team).

60
Q

Spacing Effect

A

Memorizing information over time is more effective than all at once (Ex: Studying over time is better than cramming).

61
Q

Mnemonics

A

Memory aids; using associations to memorize info (Ex: the P.O.R.N. acronym).

62
Q

Peg Word System

A

“Peg” words are easy words to remember & are used as a memory aid to “hang” new words and concepts (Ex: One is done, Two is who, Three is free).

63
Q

Overlearning

A

A memorization technique where you learn/memorize so many times that it almost becomes natural (Ex: Drills for sports).

64
Q

Context Dependent Learning

A

Physical setting in which a person learns a information is encoded along with the information (Ex: Remembering math when in the physical math class).

65
Q

Mood Dependent Learning

A

The tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with one’s current good or bad mood (Ex: Being happy allows you to remember happy memories).

66
Q

State Dependent Learning

A

The tendency to recall information better when in the same internal state when information was encoded (Ex: Only remembering certain memories when drunk/intoxicated).

67
Q

Encoding Specificity Principle

A

Retrieval depends upon the match between the way information is encoded and the way it is retrieved.

68
Q

Richard Atkinson & Richard Shriffin

A

Two Psychologists who created the model for memories moving through sensory, short-term, and into long-term memory.

69
Q

Herman Ebbinghaus

A

Creator of the Ebbinghaus Forgetting Curve.

70
Q

Elizabeth Loftus

A

Psychologist who used words like contacted, bumped, and collided to prove The Misinformation Effect.

71
Q

George Miller

A

Creator of the Magic Number of Short Term Memory.

72
Q

George Sperling

A

Psychologist who used flashing letters in peripherals to prove Sensory Storage.

AP Psychology (9 decks)

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