Unit 11: Development Flashcards
Cross-Sectional Study
A study that involves multiple individuals from each age group.
Longitudinal Study
A study that involves the same group of individuals from beginning to end.
What are the problems found with Longitudinal Studies?
Money, drop-out rate, and death of the psychologist who was leading the study.
Ecological System
The theory that looks at a child’s development within the context of the system of relationships that form his or her environment.
Microsystem
Being the first and innermost circle, this is the environment that the child is born into, influencing their experiences directly (Ex: being born into a poor family).
Mesosystem
The second circle, representing the interconnections between the elements that surround the child (Ex: If the parent does not get along with the teacher, the child might suffer).
Exosystem
The third circle, involving links between social settings that do not involve the child (Ex: Parental fighting can change their interaction with the child).
Macrosystem
The fourth and outermost circle, this describes the overarching culture that influences all other systems, such as a child’s geographic location and ethnicity (Ex: Being an intellect likely means they will move to a better place, but will still be strangers in a richer society).
Chronosystem
Refers to changes in the child and the environment over time (Ex: Divorced parents can cause trauma, but the child can eventually get over it).
Fetal Alcohol Syndrome Disorder (FASD)
A medical condition in which body deformation or facial development or mental ability of a fetus is impaired because the mother drank alcohol while pregnant.
Cephalocaudal
Relating to the development path of a baby that goes from the head to the feet.
Proximodistal
Relating to the development path of a baby that goes from the center torso to outwards towards the head and limbs.
Rooting Reflex
A reflex found in a baby where it will turn towards and begin to suck on any object that touches its cheek.
Sucking & Swallowing Reflexes
Reflexes found in a baby where they are born with the ability to suck on an object and swallow liquids.
Grasping Reflex
A reflex found in a baby where they are born with the ability to grasp on any object that touches the palms of their hands.
Startle Reflex
A reflex found in a baby where any loud noise or sudden drop will cause a flexion of the legs and embracing of the arms, followed by crying.
Mary Ainsworth
An American developmental psychologist best known for her work in Attachment Theory.
Secure Attachment
When a child is left alone by their parent, they are upset, but then are satisfied when upon return.
Anxious-Ambivalent Attachment
The child is anxious even when their parent is near and protest when they leave, but are not satisfied when their parent returns.
Avoidant Attachment
The child has little physical contact with the parent and is not distressed when the parent leaves them.
Thomas and Chess
Two American Psychologists who conducted a longitudinal study on The Stability of Temperaments, finding that temperament at 3 months old is a fair predictor for temperament at 10 years old.
3 Month-old Temperament Results
40% of babies were easy
15% of babies were slow to warm up
10% of babies were difficult
35% of babies had a mixture of 2 or more
Keep in mind that these percentages might be skewed by bias towards parents having subjective rating of their own children.
Jerome Kagan
An American Psychologist who supported Thomas and Chess by finding that ~30% of babies were uninhibited (exploratory, not shy) and ~20% were inhibited (timid).
Diana Baumrind
An American Psychologist who is known for her studies on Parenting Styles.
Authoritarian Parenting Style
When the parent tells their children exactly what do to. The strictest type of parenting, commonly known as helicoptering.
Indulgent Parenting Style
When the parent allows their children to do whatever they wish. An unrestrictive parent.
Authoritative Parenting Style
When the parent provides rules and guidance without being overbearing. Regarded as the best parenting style.
Negligent Parenting Style
When the parent disregards the children, focusing on other interests. Regarded as the worst parenting style.
Jean Piaget
A psychologist known for his theory of Cognitive Development.
Schema
The cognitive framework that allows a person to interpret a new situation based on their experience in similar, prior experiences
Assimilation
Understanding new things by making them fit into your schema (Ex: Calling all 4 creatures a dog).
Accommodation
When the Schema changes due to a new experience (Ex: Difference between dogs and cats).
Sensorimotor Stage
The cognitive development stage occurring from birth to 2 years old. Object Permanence is formed during this stage of development.
Object Permanence
The idea that when an object is no longer in line of sight of an infant, they believe the object has disappeared. This starts around 4 to 8 months old and does not become a learned skill until around 18 months old.
Preoperational Stage
The cognitive development stage occurring from 2 to 7 years old. This is when Conservation, Centration, Irreversibility, Egocentrism, and Animism occur. Children during this stage also lack hierarchical structures.
Concentration
The idea that physical quantities remain the same despite changing shape (Ex: Filling a cylindrical beaker with water by using a wider beaker).
Centration
The tendency to focus on one part of the problem rather than all of the variables that play into it (Ex: Only looking at the height of the water to determine quantity).
Irreversibility
The inability to mentally undo something.
Egocentrism
The inability to think from anyone else’s point of view but yours (Ex: Does your brother have a brother?).
Animism
The belief that all things are living (Ex: Children’s books, Disney’s Fantasia).
Concrete Operational Stage
The cognitive developmental stage occurring from 7 to 11 years old. Children can only perform actions on tangible objects and actual events, as well as perform hierarchical classifications. Any problems from the preoperational stage disappear, though a bit of egocentrism still exists.
Formal Operational Stage
The cognitive developmental stage occurring from 11 years old and up. Children can now perform abstract thinking, hypothetical situations, heightened feelings of justice, love, and free will, as well as more logical & creative thinking.
Lev Vygotsky
A Russian & Soviet Psychologist who was known for his work on the Sociocultural Perspective of Cognitive Development.
Sociocultural Theory of Cognitive Development
The idea that children develop through social interaction in a cultural context rather than through self-discovery.
More Knowledgeable Other (MKO)
Anyone who has a better understanding or a higher ability level than the learner, with respect to a particular task, process, or concept.
Zone of Proximal Development
The range of tasks that are too hard to be accomplished alone but can be done with the help of a skillful partner (The MKO).
Erik Erikson
An American Psychologist who created the idea of Psychosocial Development and its 8 stages, exploring the idea of Ego Identity.
Ego Identity
The conscious sense of self that we develop through social interaction.
Stage 1 (Bun)
Trust vs. Mistrust
Age: Birth - 18 Months
Child’s basic needs are met by caregivers and bonds are formed. If done correctly, the child will have an optimistic & trusting attitude toward the world. Failure to do so results in a negative and distrustful attitude.
Stage 2 (Shoe)
Autonomy vs. Shame/Doubt
Age: 18 Months - 3 Years
Child begins to make choices of their own (toys, food, etc.), autonomy and feelings of self-control, courage, and will. Overcontrolling parents results in feelings of shame and doubt.
Stage 3 (Tree)
Initiative vs. Guilt
Age: 3 - 5 Years
Child begins to experiment with taking initiative (leader/follower in a friend group), creating feelings of purpose. Overcontrolling parents results in feelings of guilt and a suffering self-esteem.
Stage 4 (Dinosaur)
Industry vs. Inferiority
Age: 6 - 12 Years
Child begins to learn to expand their social functions to school, creating feelings of productivity/industry and competence. Failure to do so results in feelings of inferiority.
Stage 5 (Dive)
Identity vs. Role Confusion
Age: 12 - 18 Years
Child begins to work out a stable concept of themselves as a unique individual & embracing an ideology or system or values that provides a sense of direction, resulting in feelings of identity in a number of areas. Failure to do so results in feelings of confusion and possibly Identity Crisis or Identity Diffusion, as said by James Garcia.
Stage 6 (Sticks)
Intimacy vs. Isolation
Age: 18 - 35 Years
Individual develops the capacity to share intimacy with others, resulting in feelings of affiliation and love. Failure to do so results in feelings of isolation.
Stage 7 (Heaven)
Generativity vs. Stagnation
Age: 35 - 65 Years
Individual acquires a genuine concern for the welfare of future generations, resulting in feelings of production and care.
Stage 8 (Plate)
Integrity vs. Despair
Age: 65+ Years
Individual finds meaning and satisfaction in their lives, as well as dwell on the mistakes of their past and imminent death, resulting in feelings of wisdom. Failure to do so results in feelings of despair.
James Garcia
An American Psychologist who pioneered the idea of Identity Status.
2 Factors for Identity Status
-If a crisis exists (crossroads)
-If a commitment has been made (direction)
Moratorium
An Identity Status in which a crisis is present and a commitment has not been made (You have to make a decision but have not done so).
Achievement
An Identity Status in which a crisis is present but a commitment has been made (You have to make a decision and have done so). This is regarded as the best Identity Status to be associated with.
Identity Confusion/Diffusion
An Identity Status in which a crisis is not present and a commitment has not been made (You don’t have to make a decision and don’t plan on ever having to). This is regarded as the most problematic Identity Status to be associated with.
Foreclosure
An Identity Status in which a crisis is not present but a commitment has been made (You don’t have to make a decision but have done so regardless).
