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AP Psychology > Unit 1 > Flashcards

Unit 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the 6 steps of the Scientific Method?

A

Research Question, Hypothesis, Design a Study, Record your Data, Analyze & Draw a Conclusion, and Report to Journal.

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2
Q

What is Qualitative Research?

A

Involves collecting & evaluating non-numerical data.

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3
Q

What is Quantitative Research?

A

Involves collecting & evaluating numerical data.

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4
Q

What are the Pros of Experimental Research?

A

It is the best type of research as it establishes causality (cause & effect).

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5
Q

What are the Cons of Experimental Research?

A

It is expensive & hard to set up, you have to ask for consent, it can look artificial, and can unintentionally overstep personal barriers such as personal space, other trauma, etc.

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6
Q

What is the Independent Variable?

A

The variable we want to change to provoke response

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7
Q

What is the Operational Definition?

A

The actions of operations that are used to measure/control a variable (for replication purposes).

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8
Q

What is Dependent Variable?

A

The variable that we measure to see if the Independent Variable made a difference.

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9
Q

What is an Extraneous Variable?

A

A variable other than the Independent that seems likely to influence the Dependent.

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10
Q

What is a Confounding Variable?

A

Any difference between the Experimental and Control conditions, except for the Independent Variable, that might affect the dependent variable.

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11
Q

What is the Third Variable Problem?

A

A confounding variable that affects both the Independent and Dependent variables to make them seem correlated when they are not.

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12
Q

What is the Control Group?

A

The experiment that does not have the different treatment.

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13
Q

What is the Experimental Group?

A

The experiment that does have the different treatment.

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14
Q

What is Random Selection?

A

Everyone in the population has an equal chance of being selected.

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15
Q

What is Random Assignment?

A

Everyone selected has the same chance of ending up in the Control Group or Experimental Group.

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16
Q

What is the Population?

A

The group of people that are being studied.

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17
Q

What is Sample?

A

The process by which participants for research are selected.

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18
Q

What is Convenience Sampling?

A

Involving the use of subjects that are “convenient to the researcher.”

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19
Q

What is Sampling Bias?

A

A bias where a sample is collected in a way that didn’t give everybody an equal chance of being selected.

20
Q

What is a Single Blind Experiment?

A

The experimenters know who is getting the treatment & not the subjects.

21
Q

What is a Double Blind Experiment?

A

Neither the experimenter nor the subject know who is getting the treatment.

22
Q

What is Placebo?

A

The belief that something is real or can affect you in some way but actually does not. Is most commonly used for medicinal testing.

23
Q

What is the Placebo Effect?

A

When somebody believes that they are being affected in some way because of a placebo treatment, when their false belief is enough to make them truly believe it’s real.

24
Q

What is Experimenter Bias?

A

When researchers treat members of the groups differently to increase the chance of confirming their hypothesis.

25
Q

What is the Hawthorne Effect?

A

An unnoticed bias, such as trying harder when the coach walks by.

26
Q

What are the advantages of Descriptive Correlational Research?

A

It is useful when experimentation is not possible, and has no ethical concerns.

27
Q

What are the disadvantages of Descriptive Correlational Research?

A

The Hawthorne Effect, Social Desirability Bias, Response Set, and the Halo Effect.

28
Q

What is a Case Study?

A

An in-depth study of a unique individual or extremely specific group.

29
Q

What is Naturalistic Observation?

A

The study of realistic behavior but has a major problem with the Hawthorne Effect.

30
Q

What is a Survey?

A

A collecting of opinions or attitudes

31
Q

What is Social Desirability Bias?

A

When a subject does not answer correctly to seem more socially desirable.

32
Q

What is the Mean?

A

The average.

33
Q

What is the Median?

A

The middle.

34
Q

What is the Mode?

A

The most abundant piece of data/info.

35
Q

What is Regression toward the mean?

A

If one sample of a random variable is extreme, the next sampling of the same random variable is likely to be closer to its mean.

36
Q

What is the Range?

A

The range of data points.

37
Q

What is Standard Deviation?

A

A measure of how dispersed the data is in relations to the mean.

38
Q

What is Positive Skew (Skew right)?

A

When the data lumps to the left and drops off to the right.

39
Q

What is Negative Skew (Skew left)?

A

When the data lumps to the right and drops off at the left.

40
Q

What is Correlation Coefficient?

A

A statistic ranging from 0 to 1 indicating the strength of the relationship. The farther the number is from 0, the stronger the relationship.

41
Q

What is Effect Size?

A

How meaningful the relationship between variables or the difference between groups is.

42
Q

What is Normal Distribution?

A

It helps to calculate percentile ranks on standardized tests.

43
Q

What is Statistical Significance?

A

When the results gained would very rarely occur by chance alone.

44
Q

What is the T-test?

A

An inferential statistic used to determine if there is a statistically significant difference between the means of two variables.

45
Q

What are the main flaws in research?

A

Ethics, Deception/Debriefing, Informed Consent, Animal Research, Confidential Information, Harm to the subject, Peer Review, and Replication.

AP Psychology (7 decks)

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