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Anatomy > Unit 7 - histology > Flashcards

Unit 7 - histology Flashcards

1
Q

What is histology

A

The study of tissues

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2
Q

Tissue

A
  • a group of cells with similar structure and function
  • cells of most tissues are surrounded by an extracellular fluid called interstitial fluid (mostly water and ions)
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3
Q

4 major tissue types

A
  1. Epithelium
  2. Connective
  3. Muscle
    $. Nervous
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4
Q

Cell junctions

A
  • points of contact between adjacent cells
  • seen in epithelial tissue, some nervous and muscle cells
  • formed by cell membrane proteins
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5
Q

3 examples of cell junctions

A
  1. Tight junctions
  2. Anchoring junctions
  3. Gap junctions
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6
Q

Tight junctions

A

Are a partial fusion of specific proteins on the lateral surface of the cell membrane

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7
Q

What do tight junctions form

A

Ring-like tight seals (seal everything)

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8
Q

What do tight junctions prevent

A
  • material from passing between cells
  • ex. Bacteria, proteins, sometimes fluid or ions (depending on the tissue)
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9
Q

What do tight junctions stop

A
  • integral proteins from moving between apical (lumen exposed surface) and basolateral (attached) surfaces of the cell
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10
Q

What are anchoring junctions

A
  • proteins that fasten cells to each other and/or extracellular material
  • anchors cells together
  • ex. Demosomes
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11
Q

What do gap junctions do

A
  • open channels (formed by proteins) through the adjacent cell membranes interconnecting the cytosols of the cells
  • allow ions/ small molecules to pass from one cell to another
  • tissues can then work as a unit (important in cardiac and smooth muscle) (also found in epithelial tissue)
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12
Q

Why are gap unctions important in cardiac and smooth muscle

A

Tissues can work together to allow synchronization of contractions

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13
Q

Epithelial tissue

A
  • Covers body surface
  • Lines body/ organ cavities
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14
Q

Lumen

A

Organ cavity

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15
Q

Characteristics of epithelia

A
  • has one free surface
  • little extracellular space between cells
  • avascular (no blood vessels)
  • basement membrane
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16
Q

basement membrane

A
  • extracellular layer
  • attaches epithelium to underlying connective tissue layer
  • formed by both tissues
  • acts like Velcro
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17
Q

Subtypes of epithelia are classified by

A
  1. The number of cell layers sitting on basement membrane
    a) one layer = simple
    b) more than one layer = stratified
  2. Shape of cells in the apical layer
    a) flattened = squamous
    b) round/cube shaped = cuboidal
    c) rectangular = columnar
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18
Q

Apical layer

A

Layer touching the free surface

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19
Q

Types of epithelia

A
  1. Simple epithelia = 1 layer
  2. Stratified epithelia = more than one layer
  3. Pseudostratified epithelia
  4. Transitional epithelia
  5. Glandular epithelia
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20
Q

Simple epithelia

A
  • allows exchange of molecules (gasses, nutrients, ions)
  • absorption/secretion
  • produces gasses
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21
Q

Subtypes of simple epithelia

A
  1. Simple squamous
  2. Simple cuboidal
  3. Simple columnar
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22
Q

Simple squamous epithelia

A
  • 1 layer of squished, fat cells
  • ex. Lungs
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23
Q

Simple cuboidal epithelia

A
  • 1 layer of cube shaped cells
  • ex. Kidneys
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24
Q

Simple columnar epithelia

A
  • 1 layer of column shaped (tall and thin) cells
  • ex. Stomach and small intestine
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25
Q

Stratified epithelia

A
  • more than one layer
  • provides protection
  • predominant subtype = stratified squamous
  • ex. Epidermis of skin
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26
Q

Pseudostratified epithelia

A
  • columnar cells that appear stratified
  • cells sit on the basement membrane (simple)
  • some cells are shorter and nuclei appear at different levels
  • lots of nuclei
  • ex. Lines most of respiratory tract, found in trachea
  • respiratory tract = cells are ciliated = ciliated Pseudostratified epithelium
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27
Q

Transitional epithelia

A
  • cell shape (and layering) varies with stretching
  • only in inner lining of urinary system
  • cuboidal to squamous when stretched
28
Q

Glandular epithelia

A
  • for secretion
  • if the epithelial cells form a gland, the cell classification is not longer used and the tissue is called glandular epithelium
  • subtypes:
    1. Exocrine glands
    2. Endocrine glands
29
Q

Exocrine glands

A
  • secrete products onto body surface or into a body cavity
  • can be:
    1. Unicellular
    2. Multicellular
30
Q

Unicellular exocrine glands

A
  • ex. Goblet cells
  • secrete mucus (into a cavity)
  • in the digestive, urinary, reproductive and respiratory tracts
31
Q

Multicellular exocrine glands

A
  • consists of secretory and duct cells
  • ducts connect secreted ions to surface or cavity
  • ex. Sudoriferous (sweat) gland, sebaceous (oil) gland, mammary glands, digestive glands,
32
Q

Endocrine glands

A
  • no ducts
  • secrete hormones into the ECF (interstitial fluid) surrounding glandular cells that then enter the blood plasma for transport to target cells/tissues
  • ex. Thyroid gland secretes thyroid hormone
33
Q

Functions of Epithelia

A
  1. Protection: often stratified squamous
    - ex. Epidermis of skin
  2. Secretion: glandular epithelium
    - ex. Thyroid glands, sweat glands
  3. Allows selective passage of materials across membranes: typically simple epithelia
    - ex. Kidneys, intestine, capillaries
34
Q

Connective tissue

A
  • mainly supports and connects tissues
  • cells far apart, separated my extracellular matrix that usually forms most of tissue
  • variable vascularity
35
Q

Extracellular material

A
  • gives connective tissue subtypes their identifying characteristics
36
Q

CT cell types

A

Cell names ending in:
1. BLAST= create matrix
- ex. Osteoblast, chondroblast, fibroblast
2. CYTE= maintain matrix
- ex. Osteocyte, chondrocyte, fibrocyte
3. CLAST= break down matrix
- ex. Osteoclast

37
Q

matrix composition

A
  1. Fibres
  2. Ground substance
38
Q

Types of Fibres in matrix

A
  • collagen fibres (for strength)
  • elastic fibres (containing elastin- allow stretch and recoil)
  • reticular fibres (form networks) (ex. CT part of basement membrane)
39
Q

Ground substance

A
  • water (interstitial fluid (ISF)) + large organic molecules surrounding cells and fibres
40
Q

Classification of CT

A
  1. Connective tissue proper
  2. Cartilage
    3.bone
  3. Blood
41
Q

Connective tissue proper

A
  • cells = fibroblasts/fibrocytes except adipose tissue
  • types:
    1. Loose connective tissue
    2. Dense connective tissue
42
Q

Loose connective tissue subtypes

A
  1. Areolar connective tissue
  2. Adipose connective tissue
43
Q

Where is loose connective tissue found

A

In dermis of skin

44
Q

Areolar connective tissue

A
  • loosely arranged collagen and elastin fibres
  • Highly vascular
  • ex. Laminated propria
45
Q

Adipose connective tissue

A
  • very little matrix
  • large cells, store triglycerides
  • tissue looks like chicken wire
  • vascular
46
Q

Dense connective tissue

A
  • many fibres
  • also knows as fibrous connective tissue
  • little ground substance
  • vascular
47
Q

Dense connective tissue subtypes

A
  1. Dense regular connective tissue
  2. Dense irregular connective tissue
48
Q

Dense regular connective tissue

A
  • collagen fibres running in the same direction
  • ex. Tendons and aponeuroses, ligaments
49
Q

Tendons

A

Connect muscle to bone

50
Q

Ligaments

A

Connect bone to bone

51
Q

Dense irregular connective tissue

A
  • collagen fibres arranged irregularly
  • ex. Dermis of skin
52
Q

Cartilage

A
  • no blood vessels (avascular)
  • cells = chondrocytes and chondroblasts
  • large amounts of matrix
53
Q

Where are chondrocytes located

A

In cavities in the matrix called lacunae

54
Q

Cartilage matrix

A
  1. Fibres = collagen and elastin (proteins)
  2. Ground substance is most water, but is firm due to the types of organic molecules present
55
Q

Does cartilage heal fast or slow

A

Slow (avascular)

56
Q

3 types of cartilage

A
  1. Hyaline cartilage: most abundant, reduces friction between bones
    - ex. Trachea, ribs, ends of long bones
  2. Elastic cartilage: many elastic fibres, main function is to recoil
    - ex. Epiglottis, ear
  3. Fibrocartilage: high in collagen fibres, shock absorbers so spinal cord doesn’t get injured
    - ex. Intervertebral discs, pubic symphysis
57
Q

Bone cells

A
  • Osteocytes (in lacunae)
  • osteoblasts
  • osteoclasts
58
Q

Bone matrix

A
  1. Fibres= abundant collagen
  2. Ground substance: contains calcium, salts and phosphates that make it rigid
    - contain little water
59
Q

Is bone vascular or avascular

A

Very vascular

60
Q

Blood

A

Is fluid connective tissue

61
Q

Blood cells

A
  1. Red blood cells
  2. White blood cells
62
Q

Extracellular matrix in blood

A

Plasma
- contains soluble fibres
- used for blood clotting
- ground substance is most water with ions and proteins

63
Q

Muscle tissue

A

Is contractile

64
Q

Subtypes of muscle tissue

A
  1. Skeletal - striated
  2. Cardiac - striated
  3. Smooth - non-striated
65
Q

Nervous tissue cell types

A
  1. Neurons- conduct electrical impulses
  2. Glial cells- support and protect neurons

Anatomy (17 decks)

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