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Anatomy > Unit 11 - Muscular System > Flashcards

Unit 11 - Muscular System Flashcards

1
Q

What does the muscular system refer to

A

Skeletal muscle system

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2
Q

What are muscles in the muscular system primarily attached to

A

Bone

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3
Q

How do muscles produce movement

A

By contracting

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4
Q

What are muscles important for

A
  • locomotion
  • maintaining body posture
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5
Q

What are skeletal muscle cells called

A

Fibers

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6
Q

Fasicle

A

Group of fibres

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7
Q

Whole muscle

A

Group of fascicles

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8
Q

CT components of skeletal muscle

A
  1. Fascia
  2. Tendons and aponeuroses
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9
Q

What is fascia

A

CT surrounding muscles or other organs

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10
Q

Epimysium of fascia

A

Surrounds entire skeletal muscle

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11
Q

Perimysium of fascia

A

Surrounds fascicles within skeletal muscle

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12
Q

Endomysium of fascia

A

Surrounds each muscle fiber (cell) within skeletal muscle

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13
Q

What are tendons and aponeuroses

A

Extensions of epimysium, perimysium and endomysium

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14
Q

What do tendons and aponeuroses anchor

A

Muscle to bone (periosteum), cartilage, fascia

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15
Q

Tendon

A

Rope like bundle of dense regular CT
- ex. Calcaneal (Achilles) tendon

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16
Q

Aponeurosis

A

Flat sheet of dense regular CT
- ex. Epicranial aponeurosis (scalp)

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17
Q

What kind of cells is skeletal muscle fiber made of

A

Large, cylindrical and multinucleate cells

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18
Q

Parts of skeletal muscle fibres

A
  1. Sarcolemma
  2. T-tubules
  3. Sarcoplasm
  4. Myofibrils
  5. Sarcoplasmic reticulum
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19
Q

Sarcolemma

A

Cell membrane

20
Q

T-tubules

A

Continuations of Sarcolemma that extend deep into fibre (cell)

21
Q

Myofibrils

A
  • intracellular structures
  • within each fibre there are several hundreds to thousands
  • composed of sarcomeres
22
Q

Sarcomere structure

A
  • composed of proteins
  • made of 2 types of myofilaments
    1. Thin myofilaments
    2. Thick myofilaments
23
Q

Thin myofilaments

A
  • formed by 3 proteins involved in contraction
    1. Actin
    2. Tropomyosin
    3. Troponin
24
Q

Thick myofilaments

A
  • formed by a protein called myosin
  • attached to Z discs by titin
  • create dark and light bands (striations) of the sarcomere
25
Q

Myosin

A
  • has rod-like tail with 2 globular heads
26
Q

What does myosin do at rest

A

Head extends towards actin

27
Q

What does myosin do during contraction

A

Head attaches to actin to shorten the sarcomere

28
Q

What does the banding pattern of thick myofilaments consist of

A
  1. A band
  2. H zone
  3. I band
  4. Z discs
  5. M line
29
Q

A band

A

Dark band that is length of thick myofilament

30
Q

H zone

A

Lighter area at center of A band

31
Q

I band

A

Light band consisting of thin myofilaments

32
Q

Z discs

A
  • in center of I band
  • connected to thick myofilaments (via titin) and thin myofilaments
  • connection point between adjacent sarcomeres
  • sarcomeres join end to end (at Z discs) to form a Myofibril
33
Q

Sarcoplasmic reticulum

A
  • is smooth endoplasmic reticulum
  • triad is formed from 2 enlarged areas of Sarcoplasmic reticulum (terminal cisternae), and a T-tubule that runs in between them
34
Q

Ways muscle produce movement

A
  1. Leverage system
  2. Pulling on bones when they contract
  3. Using group action
35
Q

Lever system

A
  • bone/muscle interaction at a joint
36
Q

Parts of lever system

A
  1. Levers = bone
  2. Fulcrum = joint
37
Q

Effort

A

Contraction of agonist

38
Q

Resistance

A

opposes movement

39
Q

What needs to happen for movement to occur

A

Effort has to be greater than resistance

40
Q

Origin

A

Attachment of tendon to stationary bone

41
Q

Insertion

A

Attachment of tendon to moveable bone

42
Q

Agonist

A

Major muscle producing the movement

43
Q

Synergists

A

Help the agonist action and prevent undesirable motions caused by the agonist

44
Q

Antagonist

A

Produces opposite action of agonist
- contraction inhibited when agonist contracts

45
Q

Flexion of forearm

A

Agonist= biceps brachii
Antagonist= triceps brachii
Synergist= brachialis, brachioradialis
Lever= radius (insertion of agonist)
Fulcrum= elbow joint
Effort= muscle contraction
Resistance= weight of object + forearm

46
Q

Extension of forearm

A

Agonist= triceps brachii
Antagonist= biceps brachii

Anatomy (17 decks)

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