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Anatomy > Unit 10 - Skeletal System > Flashcards

Unit 10 - Skeletal System Flashcards

1
Q

What is bone

A

A tissue AND an organ

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2
Q

What is the epiyphisis of a long bone

A

The ends

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3
Q

What is the diaphysis of long bones

A

The shaft

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4
Q

What does compact bone cover

A

External surfaces of all bones

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5
Q

What is compact bones made of

A

Osteons

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6
Q

How many rings are osteons composed of

A

3

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7
Q

What does each osteon contain

A
  1. Lamellae
  2. Lacunae
  3. Canaliculi
  4. Central canal
  5. Perforating canal
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8
Q

What is lamellae

A
  • concentric circles of matrix
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9
Q

Matrix what is the matrix

A

Lots of collagen and phosphate salts

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10
Q

Where is the lacunae found

A

Between lamellae (space within matrix where osteocytes live)

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11
Q

Canaliculi

A

Small channels that connect osteocytes to blood supply and to each other

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12
Q

What does culi mean

A

Smaller version of something

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13
Q

What does the central canal of a bone contain

A

Blood vessels and nerve

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14
Q

What is the central canal of a bone lined with

A

Endosteum

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15
Q

Where is the perforating canal of a bone located

A

Perpendicular to the central canal

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16
Q

What do perforating canals carry

A

Blood and nerve supply from periosteum to central canals and medullary cavity

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17
Q

Spongy bone

A
  • has holes where blood cells are generated
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18
Q

Does spongy bone have osteons?

A

No

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19
Q

Trabeculae

A
  • found in spongy bone
  • similar to osteons
  • irregularity arranged lamellae
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20
Q

Where is spongy bone found

A
  1. flat and irregular bone
    - ex. Skull, rids, vertebrae
  2. Long bones
    - epiphysis
    - lining medullary cavity (middle cavity)
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21
Q

What does spongy bone look like

A

Aero bar

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22
Q

What do spaces in spongy bone contain

A

Bone marrow

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23
Q

What does red bone marrow produce

A

Blood cells

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24
Q

What is the axial skeleton

A

Bone that form the central core of body

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25
Q

What does the axial skeleton consist of

A
  1. Skull
  2. Hyoid bone
  3. Vertebral column
  4. Thoracic cage (sternum and ribs)
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26
Q

What is the appendicular skeleton

A
  • limbs
  • bones that attach limbs to axial skeleton (girdles)
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27
Q

What does the appendicular skeleton consist of

A
  1. Pectoral girdle
  2. Pelvic girdle
  3. Upper limb (arm, forearm, hand)
  4. Lower limb (thigh, leg, foot)
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28
Q

Articulations

A
  • connection between bones
  • region where 2 bones are connected
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29
Q

Skull bone groupings

A
  1. Cranium (8 bones)
  2. Facial bones (14 bones)
  3. Auditory ossicles (6, 3 bones on each side in the middle ears)
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30
Q

What are the auditory ossicles

A
  1. 2 incus
  2. 2 malleus
  3. 2 stapes
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31
Q

Hypoid bone

A
  • below skull
  • no articulations
  • attaches muscles of tongue and neck
  • assists in swallowing
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32
Q

Vertebral column

A
  • 26 vertebrae
  • 5 regions
    1. Cervical (breakfast at 5)
    2. Thoracic (lunch at 12)
    3. Lumbar (dinner at 5)
    4. Sacrum
    5. Coccyx
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33
Q

Boxy of vertebrae

A
  • Thick
  • Anterior portion
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34
Q

Spinous process of vertebrae

A

Median posterior projection

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35
Q

Transverse process of vertebrae

A
  • 2 of them
  • lateral, bony projections for muscle attachment
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36
Q

Lamina of vertebrae

A
  • 2 of them
  • connects the 2 processes
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37
Q

Pedicure of vertebrae

A
  • 2 of them
  • connects body to transverse process
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38
Q

Vertebral foramen

A

Hole for spinal cord

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39
Q

Superior and inferior articulation facets

A

Articulate with vertebrae above and below

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40
Q

Intervertebral foramina

A

Exit for spinal nerves

41
Q

Foramen

42
Q

Foramina

43
Q

Cervical vertebrae

A
  • C1-C7
  • all have transverse foramen in each transverse process, for passage of vertebral arteries
44
Q

Atlas

A
  • C1 of vertebrae
  • no body, no spinous process
  • articulates with occipital bone of skull (allows flexion and extension of neck (nodding “yes” motion))
45
Q

Axis

A
  • C2 of vertebrae
  • dens= odontoid process
  • pivot joint around which atlas swivels (allows rotation of head and neck (shaking head “no” motion”))
46
Q

Thoracic vertebrae

A
  • T1-T12
  • all articulate with ribs via costal facets
47
Q

Lumbar vertebrae

A
  • L1-L5
  • support upper body weight
  • ALL have large bodies and rectangular spinous processes
48
Q

Sacrum

A
  • 5 fused vertebrae
  • articulates with ilium and 5th lumbar vertebra
49
Q

Coccyx

A
  • 3-5 fused vertebrae (usually 4)
  • tailbone
50
Q

Concave

A

Curve inward

51
Q

Convex

A

Curve outward

52
Q

Curvature of spinal column

A
  1. Cervical and lumbar regions
    - have a concave posterior curve (hard to see anteriorly)
  2. Thoracic and sacrum regions
    - have a convex posterior curve (can only see curve anteriorly)
53
Q

Scoliosis

A
  • abnormal spinal curvature
  • spinal column curves laterally
54
Q

Kyphosis

A
  • abnormal spinal curvature
  • exaggerated thoracic curve
  • “hunchback”
  • found in elderly people with bone loss, when vertebrae can’t hold as much weight
55
Q

Lordosis

A
  • abnormal spinal curvature
  • exaggerated lumbar curve
  • lower back is kind of indented
  • found in pregnant women or people with a pot belly
56
Q

Thoracic cage

A

Protects thoracic organs

57
Q

Sternum

A
  • breast bone
  • fusion of 3 bones
    1. Manubrim (superior)
    2. Body (middle)
    3. Xiphoid process (inferior)
58
Q

Ribs

A
  • attach to the sternum
  • 12 pairs total (articulate posteriorly with T1-T12)
59
Q

True ribs

A
  • 7 pairs
  • superior
  • attach directly to sternum via costal cartilage (hyaline cartilage)
60
Q

False ribs

A
  • 3 pairs
  • ribs 8-10
  • attach indirectly to sternum via costal cartilage from rib 7
61
Q

Floating ribs

A
  • 2 pairs
  • ribs 11 and 12
  • not attached to sternum
  • protect internal organs
62
Q

Pectoral girdle

A
  • upper limb girdle
    1. Clavicle
    2. Scapula
63
Q

What does the clavicle (collarbone) articulate with

A

The sternum (manubrim) and the scapula (acromion process)

64
Q

What does the clavicle connect

A

The axial and appendicular skeletons

65
Q

Spine of scapula

A

Runs along posterior surface of the scapula

66
Q

Acromion process of the scapula

A

Articulates with clavicle

67
Q

Glenoid cavity of the scapula

A

Articulates with head of humerus

68
Q

Coracoid process of scapula

A

Attachment point for muscles of arm and chest

69
Q

Another name for scapula

A

Shoulder blade

70
Q

Pelvic girdle

A
  • composed of 2 os coxae formed by the fusion of 3 bones
    1. Ilium (superior, articulates with sacrum)
    2. Ischium (posterior)
    3. Pubis (anterior, left and right joined by pubic symphysis)
71
Q

Pelvic girdle joints

A
  1. Pubic symphysis (cartilaginous joint between the pubic bones
  2. Sacroiliac joint (sacrum and ilium)
  3. Acetabulum (articulates with head of femur)
72
Q

Upper limb

A
  1. Humerus
  2. Radius (lateral)
  3. Ulna (medial)
  4. Carpals (8)= wrist
  5. Metacarpals (5)= palm
  6. Phalanges (14)= digits
73
Q

Lower limb

A
  1. Femur
  2. Patella (knee cap)
  3. Tibia (medial)
  4. Fibula (lateral)
  5. Tarsals (7) in your foot
    - talus (articulates with tibia)
    - calcaneus (heel bone)
  6. Metatarsals (5) sole of foot
  7. Phalanges (14) toes
74
Q

Epiphyseal plate of long bone

A
  • hyaline cartilage
  • used for bone growth (length)
75
Q

Epipyhseal line

A
  • replaces plate with bone when growth completed
  • plate/line= where the diaphysis and epiphysis meet
76
Q

Medullary cavity

A
  • red bone marrow in children
  • yellow bone marrow in adult
77
Q

Periosteum

A
  • external surface
  • allows bone to grow in diameter
  • 2 layers of CT
    1. Outer= dense irregular
    2. Inner= mainly osteoblasts and osteoclasts
78
Q

Endosteum

A
  • part of long bone
  • lines medullary cavity AND Canals
  • contains osteoblasts and osteoclasts
79
Q

Articulates cartilage

A
  • part of long bones
  • hyaline (only at articulation points)
  • prevents friction between bones (no periosteum here)
80
Q

Articulations/joints

A
  • point of contact between 2 or more bones
  • 2 classes
    1. Structural classification (anatomical)
    2. Functional classification (physiological)
81
Q

What is structural classification based on

A
  • presence/absence of joint cavity
  • type of CT that joins the bones
82
Q

Types of structural joints

A
  1. Fibrous
  2. Cartilaginous
  3. Synovial
83
Q

Fibrous joints

A
  • no joint cavity
  • fibrous CT
  • ex. Sutures in skull (Fontanels in a newborn)
84
Q

Cartilaginous joints

A
  • no joint cavity
  • cartilage attaches bones
  • ex. Pubic symphysis, costal cartilages of ribs
85
Q

Synovial joint examples

A
  • shoulder
  • elbow
  • hip
  • knee
86
Q

Structure of synovial joints

A
  • articulating bones are connected by the joint capsule and ligaments
  • articulates cartilage (hyaline) of bone
  • space between bones is the joint cavity
  • articular/joint capsule encloses joint cavity
87
Q

What does the joint cavity contain

A

Synovial fluid

88
Q

Outer layer of articular/joint capsule

A
  • fibrous capsule
  • attaches to periosteum
89
Q

Inner layer of articular/joint capsule

A
  • CT only
  • secretes synovial fluid
90
Q

How are synovial joints grouped

A

According to shape and articulating bones

91
Q

Plane/gliding synovial joints

A
  • flat surfaces
  • 2 flat surfaces moving past each other
  • ex. Sacroiliac
92
Q

Hinge synovial joints

A
  • concave and convex surfaces (2 surfaces)
  • elbow and knee
93
Q

Pivot synovial joints

A
  • projection in ring
  • ex. Dens (on axis) in atlas C2
94
Q

Ball and socket synovial joints

A
  • great freedom of movement
  • ex. Humerus in glenoid fossa
  • ex. Femur in acetabulum (hip)
95
Q

What is functional classification of joints based on

A

Degree of movement

96
Q

Synarthrotic functional joints

A
  • immovable
  • ex. Skull sutures
97
Q

Amphiarthrotic functional joints

A
  • slightly moveable
  • ex. Pubic symphysis
98
Q

Diarthrotic functional joints

A
  • freely moveable
  • ex. Hip, shoulder

Anatomy (17 decks)

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