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Anatomy > Unit 12 - Cardiovascular System > Flashcards

Unit 12 - Cardiovascular System Flashcards

1
Q

What does the cardiovascular system consist of

A
  • heart
  • blood vessels
  • blood
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2
Q

Function of the cardiovascular system

A
  1. Transport: gases, nutrients, hormones, wastes, heat
  2. Protection: disease, fluid loss (clotting)
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3
Q

Where is the heart

A

In a cavity called the mediastinum

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4
Q

Mediastinum

A

Space between lungs within thoracic cavity

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5
Q

Heart coverings

A
  • called the pericardium
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6
Q

Pericardium

A
  • Double walled sac surrounding the heart
  • 3 layers
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7
Q

Fibrous pericardium

A
  • outermost layer (dense irregular CT)
  • anchors to surrounding structures
  • ex. Diaphragm, great vessels (aorta, vena cava)
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8
Q

What is the Serous pericardium composed of

A
  1. Parietal pericardium
  2. Visceral pericardium
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9
Q

Parietal pericardium

A
  • 2 layers (epithelial and connective)
  • connected to fibrous pericardium
  • pericardial sac
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10
Q

Visceral pericardium

A
  • epicardium
  • 2 layers (epithelial and connective)
  • heart wall
  • fused to heart surface, makes it part of heart wall
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11
Q

Pericardial cavity

A
  • between pericardial layers
  • with serous fluid (lubricates)
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12
Q

3 parts of heart wall

A
  1. Epicardium
  2. Myocardium
  3. Endocardium
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13
Q

What is the epicardium

A

Visceral pericardium

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14
Q

What kind of tissue is the epicardium made of

A

Simple squamous epithelial and connective tissue

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15
Q

Myocardium

A
  • cardiac muscle
  • arranged in spiral/circular pattern
  • reinforced with CT
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16
Q

Endocardium tissue type

A
  • simple squamous epithelium
  • epithelium named endothelium (lines inner surface of heart and all blood vessels)
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17
Q

Right atrium blood vessels

A

Has 3 major veins that carry deoxygenated blood into the chamber
1. Inferior vena cava (carries blood from body below heart)
2. Superior vena cava (carries blood from body above heart)
3. Coronary sinus (carries blood from the myocardium)

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18
Q

Left atrium blood vessels

A

4 veins that carry oxygenated blood into the left atrium from the lungs
1. Left pulmonary veins (inferior and superior)
2. Right pulmonary veins (inferior and superior)

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19
Q

Right ventricle blood vessel

A
  • 1 artery
  • aorta
  • exits the left ventricle and carries oxygenated blood to all organ systems
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20
Q

Septa

A

Separate chambers

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21
Q

Interatrial septum

A

Separates atria

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22
Q

Interventricular septum

A

Separates ventricles

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23
Q

What is the cardiac (fibrous) skeleton

A

Fibrous CT separating atria and ventricles

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24
Q

What does the cardiac (fibrous) skeleton provide

A
  • Firm attachment point for cardiac muscles
  • electrical insulation (prevents stimultaneous contraction of atria and ventricles)
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25
Q

What does the cardiac (fibrous) skeleton form

A
  • solid rings around heart valves, base of aorta and pulmonary trunk
  • rings provide structural support for these structures and hold them in place
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26
Q

What happens when heart is beating

A
  • there are electrical impulses telling the heart to beat
  • don’t want all sections to be beating at once
  • needs insulation
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27
Q

Valves for one way blood flow

A
  1. Atrioventricular (AV) valves
  2. Semilunar valves
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28
Q

Types of atrioventricular valves

A
  1. Bicuspid valves
  2. Tricuspid valves
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29
Q

Bicuspid (mitral) valve

A
  • on left side
  • between left atrium and ventricle
  • has 2 sheet-like cusps composed of CT
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30
Q

Tricuspid valve

A
  • on right side
  • between right atrium and right ventricle
  • has 3 sheet-like cusps composed of CT
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31
Q

Chordae tendineae

A
  • strings of CT
  • attach atrioventricular valve cusps to papillary muscles that project from the ventricular myocardium
  • prevent eversion cusps
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32
Q

Semilunar valves

A
  • 3 cup-like cusps each
  • types
    1. Aortic
    2. Pulmonary
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33
Q

Aortic semilunar valves

A

Separates left ventricle and aorta

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34
Q

Pulmonary semilunar valves

A

Separates right ventricle and pulmonary trunk

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35
Q

What are cardiac muscle cells

A

Cells that set the pace and tell the heart to beat

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36
Q

Cardiac muscle cell types

A
  1. Contractile cells
  2. Conduction system cells
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37
Q

What do contractile muscles form

A

Majority of myocardium

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38
Q

Contractile cardiac muscle cells similarities to skeletal muscle

A
  1. Striated
  2. Has Sarcoplasmic reticulum and T-tubules
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39
Q

Contractile cardiac muscle differences from skeletal muscle

A
  1. Branched
  2. Uninucleated
  3. Intercalated discs
  4. Contain anchoring and gap junctions
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40
Q

Intercalated discs

A

Region where 2 fibres meet
(Dark bands)

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41
Q

According and gap junctions of cardiac muscle cells

A
  • for communication
  • atria to ventricular contraction
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42
Q

What affects the amount of blood that gets pumped out of the heart

A

Pressure
- direct relationship (increase in pressure, increase in blood that gets pumped out)

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43
Q

What do electrical vents cause

A

Contractile vents

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44
Q

What do conduction system cardiac muscle cells form

A

Remainder of myocardium

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45
Q

What are conduction system cardiac muscle cells

A

Cardiac muscle cells that are modified to produce and conduct electrical impulses

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46
Q

Do conduction system cells contract

A

NO!!

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47
Q

What do conduction system cardiac muscle cells have

A

Many gap junctions that help electrical signals spread very quickly

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48
Q

parts of conduction system cardiac muscle cells

A
  1. Sinoatrial (SA) nodes
  2. Atrioventricular (AV) nodes
  3. Atrioventricular bundle (bundle of his)
  4. Atrioventricular (AV) bundle branches
  5. Purkinje fibres
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49
Q

What is everything connected through

A

Electrical signals

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50
Q

Modified/specialized cardiac muscle cells

A
  • conduction system
  • generate electrical signals
  • conduction
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51
Q

“Normal” cardiac muscle cells

A
  • myocardium
  • contract
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52
Q

Sinoatrial (SA) node

A
  • artificial pacemaker
  • in rich atrium at base of superior vena cava
  • generates impulses the fastest (sets the pace)
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53
Q

Atrioventricular (AV) node

A
  • base of right atrium
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54
Q

Atrioventricular bundle (bundle of his)

A
  • superior part of interventricular septum
  • electrically connects atria to ventricles
55
Q

What would happen is the atrioventricular bundle stopped working

A

Would be like shutting down highway 1 and trying to get east to west

56
Q

Atrioventricular (AV) bundle branches

A
  • carry impulses to apex of heart
57
Q

Apex of heart

A
  • bottom tip
  • most inferior part of the heart
58
Q

Purkinje fibres

A
  • terminal fibres in ventricles (NOT IN ATRIA) that carry signals from apex upward to all parts of the ventricle
  • electrical signal spreads from conduction system to contractile cardiac cells then they contract
59
Q

General structure of blood vessels (except capillaries)

A
  1. Tunica external
  2. Tunica media
  3. Tunica intima/interna
  4. Lumen
60
Q

Structure of capillaries

A

Only have one layer, all other blood vessels have 3 layers

61
Q

Tunica

A

Covering

62
Q

Tunica external

A
  • connective tissue
  • most external layer
63
Q

Tunica media

A
  • middle layer
  • smooth muscle
  • elastic fibres (CT)
64
Q

Tunica intima/interna

A
  • innermost layer
  • in direct contact with blood
  • endothelium (simple squamous epithelium)
  • continuous with endocardium
65
Q

Endothelium

A
  • name of the layer not the tissue type
  • covers inner surface of heart as well as blood vessels
  • makes up heart wall
  • not a tissue type at all
66
Q

Lumen

A
  • not the innermost layer because it’s NOT A LAYER
  • contains blood
  • also NOT A CAVITY
  • just a space
67
Q

Blood vessel types

A
  1. Arteries
  2. Arterioles
  3. Capillaries
  4. Venules
  5. Veins
68
Q

Arteries

A
  • carry blood AWAY from heart
  • does not refer to oxygenated or deoxygenated blood
69
Q

Elastic arteries

A
  • large conducting arteries exiting the heart
  • elastic CT in all 3 layers
  • largest artery (near heart)
  • ex. Aorta
70
Q

Muscular arteries

A
  • smaller distributing arteries
  • a LOT of smooth muscle
  • most arteries
  • ex. Coronary artery
71
Q

Arterioles

A
  • little arteries
  • regulate blood flow and blood pressure
72
Q

What do all epithelial tissues have

A

Basement membranes

73
Q

Capillaries

A
  • very tiny
  • ONLY tunica intima (endothelium) + basement membrane
  • allow exchange of gases and nutrients
  • most have gaps between cells that allow exchange of fluid + solutes with the interstitial fluid
74
Q

Blood vessel analogy

A

Elastic and muscular arteries= highways
Arterioles= smaller roads branching off
Capillaries= driveway

75
Q

Venules

A
  • collect blood from capillaries
  • intima (endothelium) with thin media/external layers
76
Q

Veins

A
  • more superficial
  • carry blood INTO heart
  • veIN, INto
  • large lumen
  • can have one way valves that prevent backflow of blood
  • thin media (CT but less smooth muscle than arteries)
77
Q

Close circulation routes

A

Blood confined to heart and blood vessels

78
Q

Double circulatory routes

A

2 routes (pulmonary + systemic)

79
Q

Adult circulation

A
  1. Pulmonary circulation
  2. systemic circulation
  3. Coronary circulation
80
Q

Pulmonary circulation

A
  • for oxygenation of the blood
  • carries blood from right ventricle to lungs via pulmonary arteries (deoxygenated blood)
  • picks up oxygen in lungs via capillaries
  • carries blood from lungs to left atrial vis pulmonary veins (oxygenated blood)
81
Q

Pulmonary circulation flow chart

A

Right ventricle - pulmonary arteries - capillaries in respiratory portion of lungs - pulmonary veins - left atrium

82
Q

Systemic circulation

A
  • for delivery of oxygenated blood to all other tissues
  • carries blood from left ventricle to organs via aorta (oxygenated)
  • organs take up oxygen from blood via capillaries
  • carries blood from organs to right atrium via superior and inferior vena cava (deoxygenated)
83
Q

Overall route of systemic circulation

A

Left ventricle to right atrium

84
Q

Subdivision of systemic circulatory routes

A
  • include routes to individual organs/organ systems
  • examples:
    1. Cerebral= brain
    2. Hepatic= liver
    3. Coronary= heart
    4. Bronchial= parts of respiratory system
85
Q

Coronary circulation

A
  • visible externally
  • starts in the heart
  • ends in the heart

DRAW OUT FLOW CHART

86
Q

Fetal circulation

A
  • we rely on our mothers systems (keeps us alive in utero)
  • fetus gets oxygen, nutrients from and expels wastes to mothers blood
87
Q

Exchange site for fetal circulation

A
  • in the placenta
  • blood supplies get close together, but do not mix
88
Q

Umbilical vein

A
  • towards the fetal heart
  • carries oxygenated blood from placenta to vena cava
89
Q

Lungs and liver of fetus

A
  • almost unfunctional
  • late to develop and there functions are handled by the maternal organs
  • 3 shunts allow most blood to bypass these organs
    1. Ductus venosus
    2. Foramen ovale
    3. Ductus arteriosus
90
Q

Ductus venosus

A
  • bypasses liver
  • connects umbilical vein (oxygenated blood) to inferior vena cava (deoxygenated blood)
  • permits most of the oxygenated blood coming from the placenta to bypass the liver capillaries
  • oxygenated and deoxygenated blood mixes in inferior vena cava and enters fetal right atrium
91
Q

Foramen ovale

A
  • bypasses lungs
  • hole in interatrial septum
  • allows blood to move from the right to left atrium
  • bypasses the uninflated fetal lung
  • fetus is not breathing, so no gas exchange takes place here
92
Q

Ductus arteriosus

A
  • connects pulmonary trunk and aorta
  • bypasses the uninflated fetal lung
  • fetus is not breathing, so no gas exchange takes place here
93
Q

What happens to shunts after birth

A

all shunts normally become closed

94
Q

Umbilical arteries

A
  • away from fetal heart
  • returns mixed blood to placenta
95
Q

Viscosity of blood

A

Higher than H20

96
Q

Blood vs water

A

Blood is thicker than water, has more cells in it

97
Q

pH of blood

A

7.35-7.45
- not acidic

98
Q

How much blood do we have in our bodies

A

4-6 L in an adult
- think jug of milk

99
Q

Composition of blood

A
  1. Plasma (matrix)
    - approx. 55-60% of blood volume
    - fluid portion with solutes
  2. Formed elements
    - approx. 40-45% of blood volume
    - cellular portion
100
Q

Plasma (matrix)

A

blood minus formed elements

101
Q

What is plasma composed of

A
  1. H20
  2. Proteins
  3. Other solutes
102
Q

Proteins in blood

A
  1. Albumins
  2. Fibrinogen
  3. Globulin
  4. Protein based hormones and enzymes
103
Q

Albumins

A
  • most plentiful plasma protein
  • carries substances such as hormones, enzymes and medicines throughout the body
  • helps control tissue water balance
104
Q

Fibrinogen

A

Clot formation

105
Q

Globulin

A
  • antibodies (immunity)
  • detect and bind foreign invaders (bacteria, viruses)
106
Q

Other solutes of blood

A
  • nutrients
  • vitamins
  • wastes
  • electrolytes
  • blood gases (oxygen and carbon dioxide)
107
Q

Red blood cells

A
  • erythrocytes
  • most abundant cell type in the body
108
Q

What do red blood cells do

A

Bind and transport most of the oxygen in the blood

109
Q

Hematocrit

A

Is the percentage of blood volume that is made up of red blood cells

110
Q

Red blood cell shape

A

Biconcave shape

111
Q

How many nuclei do red blood cells have

A

NONE
- they are anucleate when mature
- also have a lack of all other organelles as well

112
Q

Red blood cell life span

A

120 days

113
Q

Where are old cells recycled

A

In the liver and spleen

114
Q

What do red blood cells contain

A

Hemoglobin
1. Four globin chains (protein)
2. Four iron (Fe) containing heme groups

115
Q

Hemo

A

Means blood

116
Q

Hemoglobin

A
  • iron containing pigment protein
  • gives blood its red colour
  • site of reversible oxygen binding (drops off O2 at lungs, picks up O2 at cells)
117
Q

White blood cells

A
  • nucleated
  • life span varies (days to years)
  • defend against disease
118
Q

2 types of white blood cells

A
  1. Granulocytes
  2. Agranulocytes
119
Q

Granulocytes

A
  • contain visible protein granules
  • include:
    1. Neutrophils
    2. Agranulocytes
120
Q

Neutrophils

A
  • All phagocytic (engulf + digest invaders)
  • kill bacteria
121
Q

Eosinophils

A

Predominantly attack blood parasites

122
Q

Basophils

A
  • release chemicals involved in inflammation and reduction of blood clotting during immune responses
123
Q

Agranulocytes

A
  • lack visible protein granules
  • include:
    1. Lymphocytes
    2. Monocytes
124
Q

Lymphocytes

A
  • for immunity (resistance to disease)
  • only kill a couple bacteria, then die off
  • predominantly found within lymphatic tissues
125
Q

T lymphocytes

A
  • activate immune response
  • kill tumor or virus infected/diseased cells directly
126
Q

B lymphocytes

A
  • become plasma cells that release antibodies that circulate in the plasma
127
Q

Organelles in white blood cells

A

They have none

128
Q

Monocytes

A
  • kill way more bacteria
  • enter tissue and enlarge to become macrophages (meaning “big eaters”) phagocytic
129
Q

Platelets

A
  • fragments of cells called megakaryocytes
  • involved in clotting
130
Q

Life span of platelets

A
  • less than 10 days if not used for clotting
131
Q

Hemopoiesis/hematopoiesis

A
  • formation of blood cells
  • all blood cells arise indirectly from hemocytoblast cells (which are a type of stem cells) in red bone marrow
132
Q

Where is red bone marrow in an adult located

A
  1. Axial skeleton
  2. Pelvic + pectoral girdles
  3. Proximal ends of humerus and femur
133
Q

Atrial septal defect

A
  • Cardiovascular related medical condition
  • a hole in the interatrial septum
  • most common type occurs due to incomplete closure of the foramen ovale
134
Q

Atherosclerosis

A
  • Cardiovascular related medical condition
  • build up of fat deposits in the tunica intima that leads to narrowing or blockage of arteries

Anatomy (17 decks)

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