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Anatomy > Unit 2 - Chemical Level Of Organization > Flashcards

Unit 2 - Chemical Level Of Organization Flashcards

1
Q

Atoms

A
  • all matter, including all parts of the human body
  • contain 3 types of subatomic particles
    1. Protons: positively charges, found in nucleus
    2. Neutrons: neutral charge, found in nucleus
    3. Electrons: negatively charged, orbit the nucleus
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2
Q

isotopes

A
  • atoms are electrically neutral (contain the same number of electrons and protons)
  • neutrons are not always equal, different number of neutrons is what creates the different forms referred to as isotopes
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3
Q

Ions

A
  • atoms that lose or gain an electrons
  • no longer neutral
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4
Q

Anion

A
  • atoms that gains an electron
  • becomes a negatively charged ion
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5
Q

Cation

A
  • atoms loses an electron
  • becomes a positively charged ion
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6
Q

Important ions (electrolytes)

A
  • Ca 2+: calcium
  • Na+: sodium
  • K+: potassium
  • H+: hydrogen (only has 1 electron)
  • Cl-: chloride
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7
Q

Chemical bonds

A

Hold atoms together to form molecules

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8
Q

ionic bonds

A
  • atom to atom transfer of electrons
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9
Q

Covalent bonds

A
  • sharing electrons between atoms
  • ex. O2
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10
Q

Salt

A
  • ionic bond
  • salt consists of positively charged ions (cations) and negatively charged ions (anions)
  • ex. NaCl
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11
Q

NaCl (table salt)

A
  • Na loses one electrons and becomes Na+
  • Cl gains one electron and becomes Cl-
  • the positive and negative ions attract, forming the bond
  • In water NaCl dissociates back into ions
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12
Q

Adenosine Triphosphate

A
  • organic molecule
  • ionizes H2O and releases H+ atoms
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13
Q

Organic substances

A
  • covalently bonded carbon atoms
  • ex. Carbs, proteins, lipids, nucleic acids
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14
Q

Inorganic substances

A
  • usually lack carbon atoms
  • ex. Salts, water, gasses (O2),
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15
Q

Inorganic compounds that contain carbon

A
  • H2CO3 (carbonic acid)
  • HCO3- (bicarbonate)
  • CO2 (carbon dioxide)
  • CO (carbon monoxide)
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16
Q

Most abundant substance in cells

A

Water

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17
Q

Polar molecules

A
  • unequal sharing of electrons leads to a slight charge difference
  • ex. Water (O2 becomes more negative than hydrogen, electron gets pulled towards oxygen)
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18
Q

Water

A
  • universal solvent
  • where many body reactions take place
  • transports chemicals (O2, nutrients)
  • maintains body temperature
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19
Q

Are acids and bases organic or inorganic

A

They can be both!

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20
Q

Acids and bases

A
  • electrolytes
  • help maintain pH balance of cells, organs and blood within barrow ranges
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21
Q

Do acids donate or accept protons

A

Donate

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22
Q

Acids in water

A

Acids disassociate when added to H2O, releasing H+ ions

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23
Q

[H+] and pH of acids

A

Increase in [H+] = decrease in pH
- high hydrogen ion concentrations indicate a low (acidic) pH

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24
Q

Do acids have a high or low pH

A

Low

25
Q

Do bases donate or accept protons

A

Accept

26
Q

Bases in water

A

Bind to (buffer) free H+ ions
- want to bind to the free H+ atoms that are floating around in solution

27
Q

[H+] and pH of bases

A

Decreasing [H+] in solution = increase in pH
- low hydrogen ion concentrations indicate a high pH

28
Q

Do bases have a high or low pH

A

High

29
Q

pH scale

A
  • measures the [H+] of free H+ in solution
  • basic = high pH
  • acidic = low pH
  • scale measures 1-14 (7 = neutral)
30
Q

Carbohydrates

A
  • important organic substance
  • consists of C, H, O
  • formula (CH2O)n, [n=any number]
31
Q

Functions of carbohydrates

A
  • source of energy for cells
  • cellular structures (ex. DNA and RNA)
32
Q

Naming carbohydrates

A
  1. Monosaccharides
  2. Disaccharides
  3. Polysaccharides
33
Q

Monosaccharides

A
  • simple sugars
  • glucose, fructose, ribose, deoxyribose
  • basic building blocks of other carbohydrates
34
Q

Disaccharides

A
  • 2 monosaccharides covalently bonded together
  • glucose + fructose = sucrose
35
Q

polysaccharides

A
  • many monosaccharides bonded together
  • glycogen (animals), starch (plants)
36
Q

Lipids

A
  • important organic substance
  • C, H, O (different ratio from carbs)
  • fats, oils, waxes, fatty acids (FA)
  • insoluble in water (non-polar)
37
Q

Function of lipids

A
  1. Protect organs (padding)
    - fat protects organs below ribcage
  2. Build cell membranes
  3. Source of stored energy
38
Q

Types of lipids

A
  1. Glycerides
  2. Phospholipids
  3. Cholesterol
  4. Steroids
39
Q

Glycerides

A
  • most common lipid in body and diet
  • composed of 2 building blocks (glycerol backbone and Fatty acid tail)
40
Q

Naming Glycerides

A
  • Monoglyceride= glycerol + 1 FA
  • diglyceride= glycerol + 2 FA
  • triglyceride= glycerol + 3 FA
41
Q

Phospholipid building blocks

A
  1. Phosphate head group (polar)
    - hydrophilic (water soluble)
  2. Glycerol backbone
  3. Fatty acid tails (non-polar)
    - hydrophobic (not water soluble)
42
Q

Cholesterol

A
  • found in cell membranes used to synthesize steroids
43
Q

Steroids

A
  • derived from cholesterol
  • bile, salts, vitamin D, some hormones (testosterone, estrogen)
44
Q

Protein makeup

A
  • important organic substance
  • Consists of C, H, O, N (sometimes S)
  • collagen
45
Q

protein functions

A
  • structural materials ex. collagen
  • enzymes, hormones, transporters
  • antibodies
  • source of energy (especially when cards and lipids in low supply: not often)
46
Q

Amino acids

A
  • basic building blocks of all proteins
  • use the name of the amino acid itself ex. Glycine (simplest amino acid)
47
Q

Dipeptides

A
  • 2 amino acids
48
Q

Polypeptide

A
  • many amino acids (sequence of amino acids linked together)
49
Q

Protein

A
  • one or more polypeptides folded into its final shape
  • help function inside the cell
50
Q

Nucleic acids

A
  • consists of C, H, O, N, P
  • 2 forms: DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) and RNA (ribonucleic acid)
51
Q

Nucleotides

A

Building blocks of Nucleic acid

52
Q

What does each nucleotide contain

A
  1. PO4- (phosphate)
  2. Monosaccharide (simple sugar)
    - ribose in RNA and deoxyribose in DNA
  3. Organic bases
    - can be in any sequence
53
Q

organic bases

A
  • Adenine (A): bonds with Thymine (T) in DNA and Uracil (U) in RNA
  • Cytosine (C): bonds with Guanine (G)
54
Q

Structure of nucleic acids (DNA)

A

PO4- - deoxyribose - A, T, C or G
- bases bind to form double- stranded helix
- alternating sugar and phosphate form “uprights”
- bases “rungs”

55
Q

Function of DNA

A
  • cellular respiration
  • used as a template to make RNA (DNA is transcribed into RNA)
56
Q

Structure of RNA

A

PO4- - ribose - A, U, C or G

57
Q

RNA function

A
  • protein synthesis
  • RNA gets transferred into protein and carries out body functions
58
Q

Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)

A
  • modified RNA nucleotide
  • energy stored in covalent bonds
  • powers cellular activity
  • breaking covalent bonds creates immediately useable energy
  • acts as a energy currency inside the cell
59
Q

ATP structure

A
  • has a sugar, a base, and 3 phosphate groups

Anatomy (17 decks)

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