Unit 2 - Chemical Level Of Organization Flashcards
Atoms
- all matter, including all parts of the human body
- contain 3 types of subatomic particles
1. Protons: positively charges, found in nucleus
2. Neutrons: neutral charge, found in nucleus
3. Electrons: negatively charged, orbit the nucleus
isotopes
- atoms are electrically neutral (contain the same number of electrons and protons)
- neutrons are not always equal, different number of neutrons is what creates the different forms referred to as isotopes
Ions
- atoms that lose or gain an electrons
- no longer neutral
Anion
- atoms that gains an electron
- becomes a negatively charged ion
Cation
- atoms loses an electron
- becomes a positively charged ion
Important ions (electrolytes)
- Ca 2+: calcium
- Na+: sodium
- K+: potassium
- H+: hydrogen (only has 1 electron)
- Cl-: chloride
Chemical bonds
Hold atoms together to form molecules
ionic bonds
- atom to atom transfer of electrons
Covalent bonds
- sharing electrons between atoms
- ex. O2
Salt
- ionic bond
- salt consists of positively charged ions (cations) and negatively charged ions (anions)
- ex. NaCl
NaCl (table salt)
- Na loses one electrons and becomes Na+
- Cl gains one electron and becomes Cl-
- the positive and negative ions attract, forming the bond
- In water NaCl dissociates back into ions
Adenosine Triphosphate
- organic molecule
- ionizes H2O and releases H+ atoms
Organic substances
- covalently bonded carbon atoms
- ex. Carbs, proteins, lipids, nucleic acids
Inorganic substances
- usually lack carbon atoms
- ex. Salts, water, gasses (O2),
Inorganic compounds that contain carbon
- H2CO3 (carbonic acid)
- HCO3- (bicarbonate)
- CO2 (carbon dioxide)
- CO (carbon monoxide)
Most abundant substance in cells
Water
Polar molecules
- unequal sharing of electrons leads to a slight charge difference
- ex. Water (O2 becomes more negative than hydrogen, electron gets pulled towards oxygen)
Water
- universal solvent
- where many body reactions take place
- transports chemicals (O2, nutrients)
- maintains body temperature
Are acids and bases organic or inorganic
They can be both!
Acids and bases
- electrolytes
- help maintain pH balance of cells, organs and blood within barrow ranges
Do acids donate or accept protons
Donate
Acids in water
Acids disassociate when added to H2O, releasing H+ ions
[H+] and pH of acids
Increase in [H+] = decrease in pH
- high hydrogen ion concentrations indicate a low (acidic) pH
Do acids have a high or low pH
Low
Do bases donate or accept protons
Accept
Bases in water
Bind to (buffer) free H+ ions
- want to bind to the free H+ atoms that are floating around in solution
[H+] and pH of bases
Decreasing [H+] in solution = increase in pH
- low hydrogen ion concentrations indicate a high pH
Do bases have a high or low pH
High
pH scale
- measures the [H+] of free H+ in solution
- basic = high pH
- acidic = low pH
- scale measures 1-14 (7 = neutral)
Carbohydrates
- important organic substance
- consists of C, H, O
- formula (CH2O)n, [n=any number]
Functions of carbohydrates
- source of energy for cells
- cellular structures (ex. DNA and RNA)
Naming carbohydrates
- Monosaccharides
- Disaccharides
- Polysaccharides
Monosaccharides
- simple sugars
- glucose, fructose, ribose, deoxyribose
- basic building blocks of other carbohydrates
Disaccharides
- 2 monosaccharides covalently bonded together
- glucose + fructose = sucrose
polysaccharides
- many monosaccharides bonded together
- glycogen (animals), starch (plants)
Lipids
- important organic substance
- C, H, O (different ratio from carbs)
- fats, oils, waxes, fatty acids (FA)
- insoluble in water (non-polar)
Function of lipids
- Protect organs (padding)
- fat protects organs below ribcage - Build cell membranes
- Source of stored energy
Types of lipids
- Glycerides
- Phospholipids
- Cholesterol
- Steroids
Glycerides
- most common lipid in body and diet
- composed of 2 building blocks (glycerol backbone and Fatty acid tail)
Naming Glycerides
- Monoglyceride= glycerol + 1 FA
- diglyceride= glycerol + 2 FA
- triglyceride= glycerol + 3 FA
Phospholipid building blocks
- Phosphate head group (polar)
- hydrophilic (water soluble) - Glycerol backbone
- Fatty acid tails (non-polar)
- hydrophobic (not water soluble)
Cholesterol
- found in cell membranes used to synthesize steroids
Steroids
- derived from cholesterol
- bile, salts, vitamin D, some hormones (testosterone, estrogen)
Protein makeup
- important organic substance
- Consists of C, H, O, N (sometimes S)
- collagen
protein functions
- structural materials ex. collagen
- enzymes, hormones, transporters
- antibodies
- source of energy (especially when cards and lipids in low supply: not often)
Amino acids
- basic building blocks of all proteins
- use the name of the amino acid itself ex. Glycine (simplest amino acid)
Dipeptides
- 2 amino acids
Polypeptide
- many amino acids (sequence of amino acids linked together)
Protein
- one or more polypeptides folded into its final shape
- help function inside the cell
Nucleic acids
- consists of C, H, O, N, P
- 2 forms: DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) and RNA (ribonucleic acid)
Nucleotides
Building blocks of Nucleic acid
What does each nucleotide contain
- PO4- (phosphate)
- Monosaccharide (simple sugar)
- ribose in RNA and deoxyribose in DNA - Organic bases
- can be in any sequence
organic bases
- Adenine (A): bonds with Thymine (T) in DNA and Uracil (U) in RNA
- Cytosine (C): bonds with Guanine (G)
Structure of nucleic acids (DNA)
PO4- - deoxyribose - A, T, C or G
- bases bind to form double- stranded helix
- alternating sugar and phosphate form “uprights”
- bases “rungs”
Function of DNA
- cellular respiration
- used as a template to make RNA (DNA is transcribed into RNA)
Structure of RNA
PO4- - ribose - A, U, C or G
RNA function
- protein synthesis
- RNA gets transferred into protein and carries out body functions
Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)
- modified RNA nucleotide
- energy stored in covalent bonds
- powers cellular activity
- breaking covalent bonds creates immediately useable energy
- acts as a energy currency inside the cell
ATP structure
- has a sugar, a base, and 3 phosphate groups
