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Anatomy > Unit 3 - Cellular Level Of Organization > Flashcards

Unit 3 - Cellular Level Of Organization Flashcards

1
Q

The cell

A
  • basic structural and functional unit of the body
  • can perform all basic life functions
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2
Q

Principal parts of the cell

A
  1. Cell membrane/plasma membrane/plasmalemma
  2. Cytoplasm (contains cytosol and organelles)
  3. Nucleus
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3
Q

Cell membrane

A

Boundary between the inside and outside of a cell

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4
Q

What is the cell membrane composed of

A
  1. Phospholipid bilayer
  2. Cholesterol
  3. Membrane proteins
  4. Membrane carbohydrates
  5. Microvilli
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5
Q

Phospholipid bilayer

A
  1. Phosphate head group (hydrophilic) (polar)
  2. FA tails (hydrophobic) (non-polar)
  3. Divides ICF (intracellular fluid) and ECF (extracellular fluid)
    - main component is water
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6
Q

Cholesterol

A
  • scattered throughout membrane
  • adds stability to the cell membrane
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7
Q

Integral (transport) membrane proteins

A
  • can completely pass through membrane but doesn’t always
  • integrated within the membrane, therefore have a hydrophobic region
  • some extend across entire membrane, and are called transmembrane proteins
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8
Q

Peripheral membrane proteins

A
  • can face inside or outside of cell
  • attached to either surface of integral proteins (on the periphery of the cell membrane)
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9
Q

Functions of membrane proteins

A
  • enzymes
  • transporters (help transport molecules in and out of cell) (ATP is required)
  • channels (ATP is not required)
  • receptors (tell the cell what to do)
  • anchors (needs to be anchored to a certain region of the body)
  • identity markers (for immune system)
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10
Q

Where are membrane carbohydrates found

A

Only on outer surfaces

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11
Q

What are membrane carbohydrates bound to

A

Proteins (glycoproteins) or lipids (glycolipids)

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12
Q

Function of membrane carbohydrates

A
  1. Cell recognition (spem recognizes egg)
  2. Anchor cells together
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13
Q

What is microvilli

A

Small projections of cell membrane

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14
Q

Function of microvilli

A

To increase surface area

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15
Q

Where is microvilli found

A
  1. Kidneys
    - increased surface area allows more waste to be absorbed
  2. Small intestine
    - increased surface area allows us to absorb more nutrients
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16
Q

What makes up the fluid mosaic model of the cell membrane

A
  1. Phospholipid bilayer
  2. Membrane proteins
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17
Q

Fluid mosaic model of cell membrane

A
  1. Fluid - membrane constitutions can move around (phospholipids and some proteins)
  2. Mosaic - proteins dot surface, like tiles in a mosaic
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18
Q

What is cytoplasm

A
  • area between the inside of the cell membrane and the outside of the nucleus
  • consists of cytosol and organelles
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19
Q

Cytosol

A
  • gel-like intracellular fluid
  • contains water, ions, and a suspension of carbohydrates, proteins and lipids
  • may contain inclusions (ex. Melanin and glycogen)
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20
Q

Organelles

A
  • structures that preform a specific function and are essential for life
  • can be:
    1. Non-membranous- in direct contact with cytosol
    2. Membranous- surrounded by membrane that isolates them from cytosol
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21
Q

Cytoplasm analogy

A

Jelly cake
- cytosol = jello
- organelles = fruit

22
Q

Non-membranous organelles

A
  1. Ribosomes
  2. Centrosomes
  3. Cytoskeleton
23
Q

Ribosome function

A
  • site for protein synthesis
24
Q

What do ribosomes contain

A
  • ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
  • proteins
25
Q

Types of ribosomes

A
  1. Free ribosomes
    - float in cytosol and make proteins that go to cytosol, mitochondria, and/or nucleus
  2. Attached to endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
    - make proteins destined for all other sites
26
Q

What are Centrosomes

A

Organizing centres for microtubules
1. Spindle apparatus (for cell division)
2. Organizes cytoskeleton

27
Q

What do Centrosomes consist of

A

2 components:
- a pair of centrioles
- pericentriolar matrix

28
Q

Function of cytoskeleton

A
  • all types are used for structural support (cell shape) and are formed from proteins
  • important in cell movement, cell division, movement/anchoring or organelles and proteins
29
Q

Types of cytoskeleton

A
  1. Microfiliaments
  2. Intermediate filaments
  3. Microtubules
30
Q

What are microfilaments made of

A

Actin (protein)

31
Q

Function of microfilaments

A
  • muscle contraction (with myosin)
  • cell locomotion
  • cytokinesis (separating cytoplasm into 2 cells)
32
Q

Composition of intermediate filaments

A

Tissue specific
- ex. Keratin (protein)

33
Q

Microtubules

A
  • hollow tubes made of tubulin (protein)
34
Q

Function of microtubules

A
  • Form:
    1. centrioles
    2. spindle apparatus
    3. cilia (short)
    4. flagella (long
  • move or secure organelles in place
  • also found in sperm
35
Q

Membranous organelles

A
  1. Mitochondria
  2. Endoplasmic reticulum
  3. Golgi apparatus/complex
  4. Lysosomes
  5. Nucleus
36
Q

Mitochondria

A
  • site of ATP synthesis
  • has a double membrane (inner and outer)
37
Q

What does the mitochondria contain

A
  • DNA
  • RNA
  • Proteins
38
Q

Endoplasmic reticulum

A
  • membranous network throughout cytoplasm
39
Q

Rough ER

A
  • lysosomes attached
  • synthesis of secretory, lysosomal and membrane proteins
40
Q

Smooth ER

A
  • lacks attached ribosomes
  • continuous with rough ER
  • synthesizes lipids and steroid hormones
41
Q

Golgi apparatus/complex

A
  • stacks of membrane discs
  • modifies proteins (trims or adds carbs to lipids)
  • sorts, packages and delivers proteins to cell membrane, lysosomes or for secretion
42
Q

Golgi apparatus/complex analogy

A

Cellular post office

43
Q

Lysosomes

A
  • filled with digestive enzymes
  • digest bacteria, viruses, worn out organelles
  • clean up function
44
Q

Lysosomes analogy

A

Lysol (cleans)

45
Q

Nucleus

A
  • largest membranous organelle
  • cell control Center
  • cells may have one or more nuclei
46
Q

Parts of nucleus

A
  1. Nuclear envelope
  2. Nucleolus
  3. Chromosomes/chromatid
47
Q

Nuclear envelope

A
  • covers nucleus
  • double membrane with nuclear pores that information passes through (inner and outer)
  • connected to ER
48
Q

Nucleolus

A
  • more than 1 in some plants
  • inside nucleus
  • non-membranous
  • dense (less light gets through) region of DNA, RNA and proteins where ribosomes are made and assembled
49
Q

What do Chromosomes/chromatid contain

A
  • DNA
  • Histone proteins

(DNA is wrapped around the histone protein)

50
Q

Dispersed chromosomes/chromatid

A

= chromatin
- DNA uncoiled and not individually visible
- in this form MOST of the time (when cell is not dividing)

51
Q

Where is condensed and individually visible chromosomes/chromatid found

A

In dividing cells
- during mitosis and meiosis

Anatomy (17 decks)

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