Unit 7: Chapter 25

Question 1

systematics

Answer 1

an approach to understand phylogenetic relationships

Question 2

phylogeny is determined by

Answer 2

fossil record

morphological information (body form or traits)

DNA evidence

Question 3

homology

Answer 3

similarity due to a common ancestor

Question 4

analogy

Answer 4

similarity that had developed independently due to convergent evolution

due to similar environments

Question 5

taxonomy

Answer 5

the grouping of organisms based on commonality

uses hierarchical classification and binomial nomenclature

Question 6

hierarchical classification

Answer 6

animals are grouped into various taxa or groups

domain kingdom phylum class order family genus species

Question 7

binomial nomenclature

Answer 7

uses the genus and species names

Question 8

cladistics

Answer 8

analysis of how species may be grouped into clades

Question 9

clade

Answer 9

group of species that includes an ancestral species and all of its descendants based on the presence of shared characteristics

she on in a cladogram

Question 10

phylogram

Answer 10

provides information on the timing of evolutionary events relative to other members in the phylogram

Question 11

ultrametric tree

Answer 11

provides information on the timing of evolutionary events relative to geologic time

Question 12

monophyletic

Answer 12

a group consisting of the ancestral species and all of its descendants

Question 13

maximum parsimony

Answer 13

choose the free that requires the fewest number of evolutionary events

Question 14

maximum likelihood

Answer 14

choose the tree that reflects the most likely sequences of evolutionary events

Question 15

orthologous genes

Answer 15

homologous genes that are passed from one generation to the next but have ended up in different gene pool

Question 16

paralogous genes

Answer 16

more than one copy of a gene that is present in the same genome as a result of duplication

Question 17

molecular clock

Answer 17

a method for measuring the absolute time of evolution based of the constant rates of gene evolution

Question 18

the number of _____ _____ in orthologous genes is proportional to the ____________ since the divergence from the last common ancestor

Answer 18

the number of nucleotide substitutions in orthologous genes is proportional to the amount of time elapsed since the divergence from the last common ancestor

Question 19

phylogeny

Answer 19

the evolutionary history of a group