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AP Biology > Unit 5: Chapter 13 > Flashcards

Unit 5: Chapter 13 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

during meiosis, _____ _____ are paired

A

homologous chromosomes

one from maternal parent and one from paternal parent

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2
Q

homologous chromatids exchange genetic material during what process

A

crossing over

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3
Q

heredity

A

the transmission of traits from one generation to the next

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4
Q

genetics

A

the scientific study of heredity and variation

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5
Q

genes

A

segments of DNA

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6
Q

gametes

A

sperm and egg cells

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7
Q

asexual reproduction

A

one parent produces genetically identical offspring by mitosis (not meiosis)

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8
Q

a haploid has how many chromosomes

A

23

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9
Q

a diploid has how many chromosomes

A

46

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10
Q

each human somatic cell has how many chromosomes arranged in pairs

A

46

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11
Q

homologues

A

each set two chromosomes that pair up

one from each parent

each carries genes that control the same characteristics

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12
Q

sister chromatids

A

two identical parts that make up one chromosome

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13
Q

meiosis ensures that each gamete receives one complete ______

A

haploid set of chromosomes

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14
Q

a cell with one set of chromosomes is called a

A

haploid

for humans, 23 chromosomes

gametes are haploid cells

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15
Q

a cell with two set of chromosomes

A

diploid

humans: 46

somatic cells

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16
Q

female homologous pair of chromosomes

A

XX

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17
Q

males homologous pair of chromosomes

A

XY

18
Q

autosomes

A

the 22 pairs of chromosomes that don’t determine sex

19
Q

fertilization

A

the fusing of gametes

forms diploid

ultimately forms zygote

20
Q

similarity between meiosis and mitosis

A

both are preceded by the replication of chromosomes

21
Q

3 differences between meiosis and mitosis

A

during meiosis:

2 sets of cell divisions
4 daughter cells instead of 2
each daughter cell is a haploid

22
Q

four phases of meiosis 1

A

prophase 1
metaphase 1
anaphase 1
telophase 1

23
Q

what happens during meiosis 1

A

homologous chromosomes separate

results in two haploid daughter cells with replicated chromosomes

24
Q

what happens in meiosis 2

A

sister chromatids separate

results in four haploid daughter cells with nonreplicated chromosomes

25
Q

what happens during interphase (before meiosis 1)

A

chromosomes are replicated to form genetically identical sister chromatids

this new chromosomes replicates, forming two centrosomes

26
Q

which stage of meiosis is the longest

A

prophase 1

26
Q

what happens during prophase 1

A

chromosomes condense

each pair of chromosomes forms a tetrad, or a group of four chromatids

synapsis and crossing over

27
Q

synapsis

A

during prophase 1

homologous chromosomes loosely pair up

align gene by gene

28
Q

crossing over

A

prophase 1

nonsister chromatids exchange DNA segments

29
Q

metaphase 1

A

tetrads line up at the metaphase plate, with one chromosome facing each pole

microtubules from both poles attach to the kinetochores of both chromosomes of each tetrad

30
Q

anaphase 1

A

pairs of homologous chromosome separate

one chromosome moves towards each pole

the sister chromatids remain attached at their centromere during this process

31
Q

telophase 1 and cytokinesis

A

animal cells: cleavage furrow forms

plant cells: cell plate forms

NO chromosome replication

32
Q

prophase 2

A

spindle apparatus forms

chromosomes move towards metaphase plate

33
Q

metaphase 2

A

sister chromatids are arranged on metaphase plate

no longer genetically identical

kinetochores of sister chromatids attach to microtubules from opposite poles of cell

34
Q

anaphase 2

A

sister chromatids separate and move towards opposite poles

35
Q

telophase 2 and cytokinesis

A

chromosomes arrive at opposite poles

nuclei form and chromosomes de-condense

cytoplasm is separated by cytokinesis

36
Q

what is the result of meiosis?

A

4 daughter cells

each has a haploid set of unreplicated chromosomes (because of crossing over)

37
Q

three mechanisms that contribute to genetic variation

A

independent assortment of chromosomes

crossing over

random fertilization

38
Q

independent assortment of chromosomes

A

homologous pairs of chromosomes are randomly oriented during metaphase 1

so any pair of chromosomes can be sorted into the daughter cells regardless of what happens to other pairs

39
Q

random fertilization

A

any sperm can fuse with any unfertilized egg

AP Biology (12 decks)

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