Unit 4: Chapter 40 Flashcards
how do more complex organisms facilitate the exchanging of materials efficiently
they have highly folded internal surfaces
bioenergetics
the flow of energy through an animal
limits behavior, growth, reproductions
determines how much food animal needs
after the needs of ____ are met, the remaining food molecules can be used in _____
staying alive
biosynthesis
biosynthesis
the formation of the biological pieces of a living being
i.e. growth
metabolic rate
the amount of energy an animal uses in a unit of time
endothermic
warmed by heated generated by metabolism
warm-blooded
higher metabolic rate
ectothermic
gain heat from external sources
cold-blooded
lower metabolic rate
is endothermy or ectothermy more energetically expensive
endothermy
BUT permits longer duration of activity
basal metabolic rate
the metabolic rate of an endotherm at rest
standard metabolic rate
the metabolic rate of an ectotherm at rest
metabolic rate is inversely related to ______
the duration of the activity
longer activity: lower metabolic rate
shorter activity: higher metabolic rate
metabolic rate and size are _____ related
inversely
bigger animal: higher metabolic rate
smaller animal: lower metabolic rate
interstitial fluid
the internal environment of an invertebrate
homeostasis
the balance between external changes and the animal’s internal controls to counter those changes
what do regulating or conforming achieve
allows animals to cope with environmental fluctuations
regulator
uses internal control mechanisms to moderate internal change
kind of like endothermy
conformer
allows its internal condition to vary with certain external changes
kind of like ectothermy
what are the two mechanisms of homeostasis
negative feedback
positive feedback
negative feedback
the buildup of the end product shuts the system off
occurs more commonly
positive feedback
a change in a variable triggers the mechanisms to amplify that change
ex: uterine contractions–as contractions get more intense, they become more common
thermoregulation
the process by which animals maintain an internal temperature within a tolerable range
vasodilation
increases blood flow
warms skin
used for survival when overheating: counterintuitive, but pulls heat away from the center of the body and into the air
vasoconstriction
decreases blood flow
cools skin
used for survival when freezing: counterintuitive, but keeps heat in center of the body
countercurrent heat exchange
supplies warmer blood to the core of the body
important for reducing heat loss
torpor
energy conservation method
a state in which activity is low
metabolism decreases
ex: koi under frozen pond
estivation
the summer version of torpor
the avoidance of high temperatures and low water
evolutionary convergence
reflects different species’ common adaptations due to a similar environmental challenge
ex: dolphin and penguin
