Unit 4: Chapter 40

Question 1

how do more complex organisms facilitate the exchanging of materials efficiently

Answer 1

they have highly folded internal surfaces

Question 2

bioenergetics

Answer 2

the flow of energy through an animal

limits behavior, growth, reproductions

determines how much food animal needs

Question 3

after the needs of ____ are met, the remaining food molecules can be used in _____

Answer 3

staying alive

biosynthesis

Question 4

biosynthesis

Answer 4

the formation of the biological pieces of a living being

i.e. growth

Question 5

metabolic rate

Answer 5

the amount of energy an animal uses in a unit of time

Question 6

endothermic

Answer 6

warmed by heated generated by metabolism

warm-blooded

higher metabolic rate

Question 7

ectothermic

Answer 7

gain heat from external sources

cold-blooded

lower metabolic rate

Question 8

is endothermy or ectothermy more energetically expensive

Answer 8

endothermy

BUT permits longer duration of activity

Question 9

basal metabolic rate

Answer 9

the metabolic rate of an endotherm at rest

Question 10

standard metabolic rate

Answer 10

the metabolic rate of an ectotherm at rest

Question 11

metabolic rate is inversely related to ______

Answer 11

the duration of the activity

longer activity: lower metabolic rate

shorter activity: higher metabolic rate

Question 12

metabolic rate and size are _____ related

Answer 12

inversely

bigger animal: higher metabolic rate

smaller animal: lower metabolic rate

Question 13

interstitial fluid

Answer 13

the internal environment of an invertebrate

Question 14

homeostasis

Answer 14

the balance between external changes and the animal’s internal controls to counter those changes

Question 15

what do regulating or conforming achieve

Answer 15

allows animals to cope with environmental fluctuations

Question 16

regulator

Answer 16

uses internal control mechanisms to moderate internal change

kind of like endothermy

Question 17

conformer

Answer 17

allows its internal condition to vary with certain external changes

kind of like ectothermy

Question 18

what are the two mechanisms of homeostasis

Answer 18

negative feedback

positive feedback

Question 19

negative feedback

Answer 19

the buildup of the end product shuts the system off

occurs more commonly

Question 20

positive feedback

Answer 20

a change in a variable triggers the mechanisms to amplify that change

ex: uterine contractions–as contractions get more intense, they become more common

Question 21

thermoregulation

Answer 21

the process by which animals maintain an internal temperature within a tolerable range

Question 22

vasodilation

Answer 22

increases blood flow

warms skin

used for survival when overheating: counterintuitive, but pulls heat away from the center of the body and into the air

Question 23

vasoconstriction

Answer 23

decreases blood flow

cools skin

used for survival when freezing: counterintuitive, but keeps heat in center of the body

Question 24

countercurrent heat exchange

Answer 24

supplies warmer blood to the core of the body

important for reducing heat loss

Question 25

torpor

Answer 25

energy conservation method

a state in which activity is low

metabolism decreases

ex: koi under frozen pond

Question 26

estivation

Answer 26

the summer version of torpor

the avoidance of high temperatures and low water

Question 27

evolutionary convergence

Answer 27

reflects different species’ common adaptations due to a similar environmental challenge

ex: dolphin and penguin