Unit 4: Chapter 43 Flashcards
acquired immunity
slower response to specific microbes that is acquired over time
humoral response (antibodies)
cell-mediated response (cytotoxic lymphocytes)
innate immunity
rapid responses to a broad range of microbes
skin mucous membranes secretions phagocytic cells antimicrobial proteins inflammatory response natural killer cells
the four types of innate phagocytic cells
“Front Line Killahz”
neutrophils
macrophages
eosinophils
dendritic cells
neutrophils
“self-sacrificing: jump on the grenade”
enter infected tissue
engulf and destroy microbes
self-destruct in the process
macrophages
“best killers: engulf and eat pathogens”
long-lived microbe destroyers
carry out phagocytosis on invading cells
eosinophils
“go up to the invading thing and put a mine thing on it”
position themselves on a parasite
discharge destructive enzymes that damage the invader
dendritic cells
“scout sniper: can kill stuff but also scope things out to relay back to the other dudes”
stimulate development of acquired immunity
ingest microbes if need be
antimicrobial proteins (innate)
attack microbes directly or impeding their production
ex: lysozyme–leads to lysis of the target molecule
inflammatory response process (innate)
macrophage recognizes pathogens
releases chemokine signal, which attracts more immune cells
capillaries widen, clotting begins
neutrophils and macrophages attack pathogen
natural killer cells (innate)
kills entire cells that are infected by cancer or viruses
antibodies (acquired)
binds to a particular antigen and marks it for destruction
B Cells (acquired) and turn into ___ or ___ when activated
plasma cells
memory B cells
plasma cells
make the antibodies, which are proteins
house them like an army base
memory B cells
help to remember what has previously infected us so it can be destroyed faster next time
clones of B cells used to recognize antigens in a secondary immune response
two types of T Cells (acquired)
helper T cell
cytotoxic T cell
helper T cell
like the general of the army
secretes cytokines that promote response of cytotoxic T cells and B cells
decides what needs to be created
cytotoxic T cells
similar to natural killer cells
kills infected, cancerous, and transplanted cells
antigen
BAD
macromolecule that elicits an immune response by lymphocytes
antibody
GOOD
protein secreted by plasma cells that binds to an antigen and marks it for elimination
works like a lock and key with the epitopes on the antigen
epitopes
the part of an antigen where a lymphocyte or antibody can bind
three ways that phagocytosis is enhanced
viral neutralization
agglutination
precipitation
viral neutralization
neutralizes the antigen until something else can come and kill it
it can’t move or do anything
agglutination
antigen clumps up so that the macrophage can see it better
precipitation
the soluble antigens can be brought out of the solution so that they’re visible
cytokines
proteins that help activate lymphocytes and other cells of the immune system
lymphocytes
white blood cells
B cells
T cells
class I MHC molecule
found on almost all cells
like you in your house when a Korean invades–usual people, call 911
presents part of an antigen so it can be recognized by cytotoxic T cell
cytotoxic T cell: sorry but your whole house has to be blown up to kill the Korean
Class II MHC molecule
found on dendritic, macrophage, and B cells
alerts helper T cell of an infection
process of B cell proliferation
cloning of B cells so that the infection can be fought off more efficiently
antigen molecule binds to antigen receptor on the B cell
B cell clones–has identical receptor
some turn into memory cells, some into plasma cells
primary vs secondary immune response
primary takes a lot longer because it’s the first wave of lymphocytes in response to a new antigen
secondary takes less time due to memory B cells
humoral response process
- antigen floating in blood activates B cell
OR
- antigen is engulfed and displayed by dendritic cell, which activates helper T cell, which activates B cell
result is new plasma or memory B cells
cell mediated response process
- antigen is displayed by infected cell, which activates cytotoxic T cell
OR
- antigen is engulfed and displayed by dendritic cell, which activates helper T cell, which secretes cytokines, which activates cytotoxic T cell
result is memory cytotoxic T cells or active cytotoxic T cells
process of a cytotoxic T cell killing a body cell
cytotoxic T cell binds to class I MHC molecule on target cell
this along with cytokines from helper T cells activates the cytotoxic T cell
releases perforin molecules, which form pores in the target cell membrane
enzymes enter the cell and destroy the nucleus
autoimmune disease
immune system turns against certain molecules of the boy
lupus
rheumatoid arthritis
MS
immunodeficiency disease
immune system can’t protect body from pathogens or cancer cells
inborn
AIDS
