Unit 4: Chapter 43

Question 1

acquired immunity

Answer 1

slower response to specific microbes that is acquired over time

humoral response (antibodies)

cell-mediated response (cytotoxic lymphocytes)

Question 2

innate immunity

Answer 2

rapid responses to a broad range of microbes

skin
mucous membranes
secretions
phagocytic cells
antimicrobial proteins
inflammatory response
natural killer cells

Question 3

the four types of innate phagocytic cells

“Front Line Killahz”

Answer 3

neutrophils
macrophages
eosinophils
dendritic cells

Question 4

neutrophils

Answer 4

“self-sacrificing: jump on the grenade”

enter infected tissue

engulf and destroy microbes

self-destruct in the process

Question 5

macrophages

Answer 5

“best killers: engulf and eat pathogens”

long-lived microbe destroyers

carry out phagocytosis on invading cells

Question 6

eosinophils

Answer 6

“go up to the invading thing and put a mine thing on it”

position themselves on a parasite

discharge destructive enzymes that damage the invader

Question 7

dendritic cells

Answer 7

“scout sniper: can kill stuff but also scope things out to relay back to the other dudes”

stimulate development of acquired immunity

ingest microbes if need be

Question 8

antimicrobial proteins (innate)

Answer 8

attack microbes directly or impeding their production

ex: lysozyme–leads to lysis of the target molecule

Question 9

inflammatory response process (innate)

Answer 9

macrophage recognizes pathogens

releases chemokine signal, which attracts more immune cells

capillaries widen, clotting begins

neutrophils and macrophages attack pathogen

Question 10

natural killer cells (innate)

Answer 10

kills entire cells that are infected by cancer or viruses

Question 11

antibodies (acquired)

Answer 11

binds to a particular antigen and marks it for destruction

Question 12

B Cells (acquired) and turn into ___ or ___ when activated

Answer 12

plasma cells

memory B cells

Question 13

plasma cells

Answer 13

make the antibodies, which are proteins

house them like an army base

Question 14

memory B cells

Answer 14

help to remember what has previously infected us so it can be destroyed faster next time

clones of B cells used to recognize antigens in a secondary immune response

Question 15

two types of T Cells (acquired)

Answer 15

helper T cell

cytotoxic T cell

Question 16

helper T cell

Answer 16

like the general of the army

secretes cytokines that promote response of cytotoxic T cells and B cells

decides what needs to be created

Question 17

cytotoxic T cells

Answer 17

similar to natural killer cells

kills infected, cancerous, and transplanted cells

Question 18

antigen

Answer 18

BAD

macromolecule that elicits an immune response by lymphocytes

Question 19

antibody

Answer 19

GOOD

protein secreted by plasma cells that binds to an antigen and marks it for elimination

works like a lock and key with the epitopes on the antigen

Question 20

epitopes

Answer 20

the part of an antigen where a lymphocyte or antibody can bind

Question 21

three ways that phagocytosis is enhanced

Answer 21

viral neutralization

agglutination

precipitation

Question 22

viral neutralization

Answer 22

neutralizes the antigen until something else can come and kill it

it can’t move or do anything

Question 23

agglutination

Answer 23

antigen clumps up so that the macrophage can see it better

Question 24

precipitation

Answer 24

the soluble antigens can be brought out of the solution so that they’re visible

Question 25

cytokines

Answer 25

proteins that help activate lymphocytes and other cells of the immune system

Question 26

lymphocytes

Answer 26

white blood cells

B cells

T cells

Question 27

class I MHC molecule

Answer 27

found on almost all cells

like you in your house when a Korean invades–usual people, call 911

presents part of an antigen so it can be recognized by cytotoxic T cell

cytotoxic T cell: sorry but your whole house has to be blown up to kill the Korean

Question 28

Class II MHC molecule

Answer 28

found on dendritic, macrophage, and B cells

alerts helper T cell of an infection

Question 29

process of B cell proliferation

Answer 29

cloning of B cells so that the infection can be fought off more efficiently

antigen molecule binds to antigen receptor on the B cell

B cell clones–has identical receptor

some turn into memory cells, some into plasma cells

Question 30

primary vs secondary immune response

Answer 30

primary takes a lot longer because it’s the first wave of lymphocytes in response to a new antigen

secondary takes less time due to memory B cells

Question 31

humoral response process

Answer 31

1. antigen floating in blood activates B cell

OR

2. antigen is engulfed and displayed by dendritic cell, which activates helper T cell, which activates B cell

result is new plasma or memory B cells

Question 32

cell mediated response process

Answer 32

1. antigen is displayed by infected cell, which activates cytotoxic T cell

OR

2. antigen is engulfed and displayed by dendritic cell, which activates helper T cell, which secretes cytokines, which activates cytotoxic T cell

result is memory cytotoxic T cells or active cytotoxic T cells

Question 33

process of a cytotoxic T cell killing a body cell

Answer 33

cytotoxic T cell binds to class I MHC molecule on target cell

this along with cytokines from helper T cells activates the cytotoxic T cell

releases perforin molecules, which form pores in the target cell membrane

enzymes enter the cell and destroy the nucleus

Question 34

autoimmune disease

Answer 34

immune system turns against certain molecules of the boy

lupus
rheumatoid arthritis
MS

Question 35

immunodeficiency disease

Answer 35

immune system can’t protect body from pathogens or cancer cells

inborn
AIDS