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AP Biology > Unit 4: Chapter 45 > Flashcards

Unit 4: Chapter 45 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

neurosesecretory cell

A

specialized nerve cell that releases hormones in response to other nerve stimuli

responsible for taking an electrical signal and turning it into a chemical one

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2
Q

tropic hormone

A

regulates the function of endocrine organs

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3
Q

non-tropic hormone

A

work on an organ that isn’t endocrine in nature

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4
Q

does a water or lipid soluble hormone need a signal transduction pathway

A

water soluble

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5
Q

hypothalamus

A

hormones are released from the posterior pituitary and regulate the anterior pituitary

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6
Q

oxytocin

A

posterior pituitary

stimulates contraction of uterus and mammary glad cells

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7
Q

antidiuretic hormone

ADH

A

posterior pituitary

promotes retention of water by kidneys

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8
Q

growth hormone

GH

A

anterior pituitary

stimulates growth and metabolic functions

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9
Q

prolactin

PRL

A

anterior pituitary

stimulates milk production and secretion

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10
Q

follicle-stimulating hormone

FSH

A

anterior pituitary

stimulates production of ova and sperm

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11
Q

luteinizing hormone

LH

A

anterior pituitary

stimulates ovaries and tested

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12
Q

thyroid-stimulating hormone

A

anterior pituitary

stimulates thyroid gland

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13
Q

adrenocorticotropic hormone

ACTH

A

anterior pituitary

stimulates adrenal cortex to secrete glucocorticoids

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14
Q

triiodothyronine and thyroxine

T3 and T4

A

thyroid

stimulate and maintain metabolic processes

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15
Q

calcitonin

A

thyroid

lowers blood calcium level

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16
Q

Parathyroid hormone

A

parathyroid

raises blood calcium level

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17
Q

Insulin

A

pancreas

lowers blood glucose level

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18
Q

glucagon

A

pancreas

raises blood glucose level

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19
Q

epinephrine and norepinephrine

A

adrenal medulla

raise blood glucose level
increase metabolic activities
constrict blood vessels

20
Q

glucocorticoids

A

adrenal cortex

raise blood glucose level

21
Q

mineralocorticoids

A

adrenal cortex

promote reabsorption of Na+ and extra region of K+ in kidneys

22
Q

androgens

A

testes

support sperm formation

promote development and maintenance of male secondary sex characteristics

23
Q

estrogen

A

ovaries

stimulate uterine lining growth

promote development and maintenance of female secondary sex characteristics

24
Q

progesterone

A

ovaries

promotes uterine lining growth

25
Q

melatonin

A

pineal gland

involved in biological rhythms

26
Q

cytokines

A

local regulator

immune responses

27
Q

growth factors

A

local regulator

cell proliferation and differentiation

28
Q

nitric oxide

A

local regulator

relaxes smooth muscle cells

Viagra in nfl

29
Q

prostaglandin

A

local regulator

uterine contractions

increases sensation of pain

E: muscle relaxation

F: muscle contraction

30
Q

hormone

A

chemical signal secreted into the extracellular fluid

31
Q

calcium control process when you have too much calcium

A

hypothalamus sends signal to thyroid gland

thyroid gland releases calcitonin

calcitonin jells kidneys to send calcium out in in urine

bones take up the calcium

32
Q

calcium process when you don’t have enough calcium

A

hypothalamus sends signal to parathyroid

parathyroid releases PTH

parathyroid hormone tells bones to release calcium into blood stream

tells kidneys to take up more calcium

33
Q

feedback regulation of T3 and T4 process

A

thyroid releasing hormone sent from hypothalamus to anterior pituitary

sends message to thyroid gland by way of a thyroid stimulating hormone

tells thyroid to make t3 and t4

will feed back into the system if there’s too much (negative feedback)

34
Q

hyperthyroidism

A

excessive secretion of thyroid hormones

too much t3 or t4

too high metabolism

35
Q

hypothyroidism

A

too little t3 or t4

too low metabolism

36
Q

goiter

A

deficiency of iodine leads to enlargement of thyroid

negative feedback loop can’t be shut off

37
Q

alpha cells

A

release glucagon into the blood

38
Q

beta cells

A

release insulin into the blood

39
Q

process when blood sugar is too high

A

hypothalamus activates pancreas

beta cells release insulin

insulin tells liver to store glucose as glucagon

body cells take up more sugar

40
Q

process when blood sugar is too low

A

hypothalamus activates pancreas

pancreas releases glucagon

glucagon sent to liver

breaks down glycogen and releases it into the blood

41
Q

type 1 diabetes

A

autoimmune disease that destroys the ability to produce insulin

42
Q

type 2 diabetes

A

deficiency of insulin or reduced responsiveness of target cells due to change in insulin receptors

can be caused by poor diet

43
Q

short term stress

A

stress is registered by hypothalamus

sends nerve impulse to adrenal medulla

44
Q

long term stress

A

stress releases ACTH from anterior pituitary

stimulates adrenal cortex

45
Q

adrenal medulla

A

responsible for fight or flight response

AP Biology (12 decks)

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