Unit 4: Chapter 45 Flashcards
neurosesecretory cell
specialized nerve cell that releases hormones in response to other nerve stimuli
responsible for taking an electrical signal and turning it into a chemical one
tropic hormone
regulates the function of endocrine organs
non-tropic hormone
work on an organ that isn’t endocrine in nature
does a water or lipid soluble hormone need a signal transduction pathway
water soluble
hypothalamus
hormones are released from the posterior pituitary and regulate the anterior pituitary
oxytocin
posterior pituitary
stimulates contraction of uterus and mammary glad cells
antidiuretic hormone
ADH
posterior pituitary
promotes retention of water by kidneys
growth hormone
GH
anterior pituitary
stimulates growth and metabolic functions
prolactin
PRL
anterior pituitary
stimulates milk production and secretion
follicle-stimulating hormone
FSH
anterior pituitary
stimulates production of ova and sperm
luteinizing hormone
LH
anterior pituitary
stimulates ovaries and tested
thyroid-stimulating hormone
anterior pituitary
stimulates thyroid gland
adrenocorticotropic hormone
ACTH
anterior pituitary
stimulates adrenal cortex to secrete glucocorticoids
triiodothyronine and thyroxine
T3 and T4
thyroid
stimulate and maintain metabolic processes
calcitonin
thyroid
lowers blood calcium level
Parathyroid hormone
parathyroid
raises blood calcium level
Insulin
pancreas
lowers blood glucose level
glucagon
pancreas
raises blood glucose level
epinephrine and norepinephrine
adrenal medulla
raise blood glucose level
increase metabolic activities
constrict blood vessels
glucocorticoids
adrenal cortex
raise blood glucose level
mineralocorticoids
adrenal cortex
promote reabsorption of Na+ and extra region of K+ in kidneys
androgens
testes
support sperm formation
promote development and maintenance of male secondary sex characteristics
estrogen
ovaries
stimulate uterine lining growth
promote development and maintenance of female secondary sex characteristics
progesterone
ovaries
promotes uterine lining growth
melatonin
pineal gland
involved in biological rhythms
cytokines
local regulator
immune responses
growth factors
local regulator
cell proliferation and differentiation
nitric oxide
local regulator
relaxes smooth muscle cells
Viagra in nfl
prostaglandin
local regulator
uterine contractions
increases sensation of pain
E: muscle relaxation
F: muscle contraction
hormone
chemical signal secreted into the extracellular fluid
calcium control process when you have too much calcium
hypothalamus sends signal to thyroid gland
thyroid gland releases calcitonin
calcitonin jells kidneys to send calcium out in in urine
bones take up the calcium
calcium process when you don’t have enough calcium
hypothalamus sends signal to parathyroid
parathyroid releases PTH
parathyroid hormone tells bones to release calcium into blood stream
tells kidneys to take up more calcium
feedback regulation of T3 and T4 process
thyroid releasing hormone sent from hypothalamus to anterior pituitary
sends message to thyroid gland by way of a thyroid stimulating hormone
tells thyroid to make t3 and t4
will feed back into the system if there’s too much (negative feedback)
hyperthyroidism
excessive secretion of thyroid hormones
too much t3 or t4
too high metabolism
hypothyroidism
too little t3 or t4
too low metabolism
goiter
deficiency of iodine leads to enlargement of thyroid
negative feedback loop can’t be shut off
alpha cells
release glucagon into the blood
beta cells
release insulin into the blood
process when blood sugar is too high
hypothalamus activates pancreas
beta cells release insulin
insulin tells liver to store glucose as glucagon
body cells take up more sugar
process when blood sugar is too low
hypothalamus activates pancreas
pancreas releases glucagon
glucagon sent to liver
breaks down glycogen and releases it into the blood
type 1 diabetes
autoimmune disease that destroys the ability to produce insulin
type 2 diabetes
deficiency of insulin or reduced responsiveness of target cells due to change in insulin receptors
can be caused by poor diet
short term stress
stress is registered by hypothalamus
sends nerve impulse to adrenal medulla
long term stress
stress releases ACTH from anterior pituitary
stimulates adrenal cortex
adrenal medulla
responsible for fight or flight response
