Unit 7 Flashcards
1
Q
internal movement
A
contraction/relaxation of internal organs
2
Q
external movement
A
contraction/relaxation of muscles attached to bone
3
Q
my/o, muscul/o
A
muscles
4
Q
oste/o
A
bones
5
Q
arthr/o
A
joints
6
Q
orth/o
A
straight
7
Q
ped/o
A
child
8
Q
Rheumat/o
A
watery flow / joint fluid
9
Q
chir/o
A
hands
10
Q
osseous
A
pertaining to bone
11
Q
chondr/o
A
cartilage
12
Q
osteoblasts
A
immature bone cell, replace cartilage
13
Q
Osteoclasts
A
reabsorb, or digest, bony tissue
14
Q
-clast
A
break
15
Q
four types of bones
A
long, short, flat, irregular
16
Q
epiphysis
A
end of long bone
17
Q
diaphysis
A
middle shaft of long bone
18
Q
metaphysis
A
between epiphysis and diaphysis
19
Q
articular cartilage
A
end of bone, bone to bone cushion
20
Q
epiphyseal plate
A
growth plate
21
Q
medullary cavity
A
contains yellow bone marrow (fat cells)
22
Q
trabeculae
A
contains red bone marrow
23
Q
bone processes
A
bumps
24
Q
bone depressions
A
hollows, connections between bones or nerves
25
tuberosity / tubercle
large protuberance on a bone where muscles or tendons attach
26
trochanters
points at which hip and thigh muscles attach
27
condyle
rounded, knucklelike joint
28
epicondyle
above condyle
29
fossa
shallow cavity
30
foramen
hole for blood vessels and nerves
31
sinus
hallow cavity
32
fissure
narrow, slit like opening
33
crani/o
cranium
34
pariet/o
parietal
35
TMJ
temporomandibular joint
36
mandibul/o
mandible
37
spin/o, rachi/o, spondyl/o
spinal column
38
vertebr/o
vertebra
39
cost/o
ribs
40
stern/o
sternum
41
clavicul/o
clavicle
42
scapul/o
scapula
43
humer/o
humerus
44
carp/o
carpals
45
phalang/o
phalanges
46
pelv/i
pelvic
47
ili/o
ilium
48
ischi/o
ischium
49
pub/o
pubis
50
femor/o
femur
51
tars/o
tarsal
52
calcane/o
calcaneus
53
striated
voluntary
54
fasci/o
fascia
55
smooth muscle
involuntary
56
plant/o
sole of foot
57
fibromyalgia
diffuse pain and areas that are increasingly sensitive to touch, called tender points
58
polymyalgia rheumatica
aching and morning stiffness in multiple sites of proximal joint
59
Muscular dystrophy (MD)
group of inherited disorders characterized by progressive weakness and degeneration of muscle fibers
60
Duchenne muscular dystrophy
Muscles appear to enlarge (pseudohypertrophy) as fat replaces functional muscle cells that have atrophied
61
myasthenia
muscle weakness
62
-asthenia
weakness
63
Myositis
inflammation of muscle
64
Polymyositis
chronic inflammatory myopathy, autoimmune
65
Sarcopenia
loss of muscle mass and strength associated with aging
66
-penia
deficeiny
67
sarc/o
flesh
68
hypotonia
lack of muscle tone
69
arthritis
inflammation of the articular cartilage of any joint
70
Ankylosing spondylitis
inflammatory disease that can cause some of the vertebrae to fuse together, making the spine less flexible
71
Ankylosing
grown together
72
Spondylitis or rachitis
inflammatory disorder of the vertebral column
73
spondylosis
degenerative changes to the intervertebral disks accompanied by the formation of osteophytes
74
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA)
progressive autoimmune disease that leads to inflammation of the movable joints and surrounding tissues
75
pyrexia
fever
76
gout / gouty arthritis
defect in the metabolism of uric acid, which causes this acid to accumulate in the blood, joints, and soft tissues near the joints
77
podagra
gout involving big toe
78
osteoarthritis (OA) / degenerative arthritis
caused by wear and tear on the joints and produces a narrowing of the joint space attributable to a loss of cartilage
79
spinal stenosis
painful, abnormal narrowing of the lumbar spinal canal
80
Lyme disease
tick diease
81
Lyme arthritis (LA)
joint pain and possibly neurologic problems
82
Polyarthritis
inflammation of multiple joints
83
hydrarthrosis
synovial fluid collects abnormally in the joint
84
Carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS)
common repetitive motion injury, the median nerve is squeezed or constricted by a wrist ligament
85
ganglion
fluid-filled cyst arising from the joint capsule or tendon in the wrist
86
sprain
injury to a ligament when the joint is carried through a range of motion (ROM) greater than its normal range without dislocation or fracture
87
Dislocation
displacement of a body part from its normal position
88
systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)
collagen in connective tissue throughout the body becomes chronically inflamed, chronic inflammatory autoimmune disease involving the joints, skin, kidneys, nervous system, heart, and lungs
89
sciatica
pain originates in the lower back but radiates down leg, from herniated disc
90
herniated disk
tear in a disc causes a portion of the disc to bulge out, abnormal protrusion of an intervertebral disc into the spinal canal
91
Spondylolisthesis
partial forward dislocation of one vertebra over the one beneath it
92
-listhesis
slipping
93
Diskitis
inflammation of intervertebral discs
94
Bursitis
inflammation of bursa
95
fracture (fx)
broken bone
96
simple fracture
closed
97
compound fracture
open
98
Greenstick fracture
bone is partially broken; it breaks on one surface and bends on another, often occurs in the forearm
99
Comminuted fracture
bone is splintered and crushed into several pieces
100
Compression fracture
bone collapses in vertebrae
101
Impacted fracture
One bone fragment is driven into another, occurs in leg
102
Colles fracture
broken wrist
103
Spiral fracture
bone twisted and broken
104
pathologic fractures / spontaneous fractures
occur from pathologic conditions
105
Osteogenesis imperfecta (OI)
causes bones to easily break
106
Osteitis deformans / Paget disease
chronic bone disorder that results in enlarged, deformed bones caused by excessive breakdown and formation of bone tissue
107
talipes
clubfoot
108
osteomyelitis
inflammation of bone and bone marrow
109
Tendinitis
inflammation of tendon
110
tenosynovitis
inflammation of tendon and synovial membrane
111
Osteoporosis
abnormal loss of bone density
112
-porosis
pores/space
113
osteopenia
abnormal reduction of bone mass that is caused by inadequate replacement of bone
114
Osteopetrosis
abnormal condition of stonelike bones that is caused by an abnormal increase in bone
115
petr/o
stone
116
Osteomalacia
softening of bones
117
-malacia
softening
118
Osteonecrosis
death of bone tissue
119
-oma
benign tumor
120
sarcoma
malignant tumors
121
Osteocarcinoma and osteosarcoma
malignant tumors of the bone
Ewing sarcoma in children
122
Osteogenic sarcoma
malignant tumor arising from bone
123
Osteofibroma
tumor of the bone and fibrous tissue
124
osteochondroma / exostosis
benign growth projecting outward from the cartilaginous surface of a bone
125
Myeloma
neoplasm composed of cells normally found in bone marrow
126
synoviosarcoma
malignant neoplasm arising in the synovial membrane
127
chondroma
tumor of cartilage
128
achondroplasia
deficiency of the growth of cartilage at the epiphyses of the long bones and skull
129
Chondromalacia
abnormal softening of cartilage
130
Osteochondritis
inflammation of both the bone and cartilage
131
discography
diagnostic imaging procedure in which an x-ray image of the cervical or lumbar intervertebral disc is obtained after the injection of contrast medium into the interior of the disc
132
Arthrography
involves taking radiographs of a joint after injecting the joint with opaque contrast material
133
electromyography (EMG)
process of recording muscle contraction strength after electrical stimulation, helping to pinpoint any muscle weakness
134
bone scan
injecting a radioactive phosphate substance into the area under examination and then measuring the substance's uptake
areas of high uptake can show issues
radioactive substance is placed within the body to enable visualization of a bone via the image produced by the emission of radioactive particles
135
Arthroscopy
viewing of a joint with an endoscope
136
DXA / DEXA scan
dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry
137
DEXA scan
bone density test
set of x-rays of the bones in the spinal column, pelvis, and wrist to detect bone density
138
antinuclear antibody (ANA) test
detect the presence of an antibody present in the serum of a patient with systemic lupus erythematosus and other autoimmune diseases
139
erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR)
measure of the rate at which erythrocytes settle, diagnose inflammation
140
rheumatoid factor (RF)
Any amount of the antibody RF indicates rheumatoid arthritis
141
disease-modifying antirheumatic drug (DMARD)
treatment for rheumatoid arthritis
142
serum calcium (Ca) test
measure calcium
143
serum creatine phosphokinase test / serum creatine kinase (CK)
High blood levels of CPK are found in patients who have myopathy, muscular dystrophies, and polymyositis
144
arthrocentesis
joint space is punctured with a surgical needle and synovial fluid is removed for analysis
145
arthrodesis
joint is fused to provide stability
146
-desis
surgical fixation, fusion
147
total hip replacement (THR)
femoral head and acetabulum are replaced with prostheses that are cemented into the bone
148
arthroplasty
surgical repair of a joint
149
resection arthroplasty
removal of one or both articular surfaces of a joint
150
interposition arthroplasty
uses tissue from another location to cushion the damaged surface of an elbow joint
151
revision arthroplasty
follow-up surgery to replace a worn-out joint replacement
152
tendoplasty
surgical repair of a tendon
153
tenorrhaphy
damaged or torn ends of the tendon are sutured together
154
-rrhaphy
sutured
155
Vertebroplasty
relieves pain from compression fractures of the vertebrae, using medical cement to fill in the cracks
156
discectomy
surgical procedure to remove herniated disc material
157
laminectomy
small piece of bone (the lamina) from the affected vertebra removed
158
Microdiscectomy
uses a special microscope to view the disc and nerves
159
dermat/o, derm/o, cutane/o
skin
160
stratas of the epidermis
stratum corneum / squamous epithelium
stratum germinativum
161
Melanocytes
contain melanin
162
corium
dermis, contains blood vessels, nerves, and glands
163
layers of the dermis
papillary layer, reticular layer
164
reticul/o
network
165
hidr/o
sweat
166
adipocytes (where?)
in subcutaneous layer
167
pil/o, trich/o
hair
168
nail matrix
nail root
169
lunula
above the cuticle
170
paronychia
soft tissue that surrounds the nail border
171
seb/o
sebum
172
pilosebaceous unit
hair follicle and the attached sebaceous gland
173
Eccrine gland
coiled structures located in the dermis, the ducts of which open directly onto the surface of the skin as pores
174
Apocrine glands (sweat glands)
larger excretory organs deeply embedded in the dermal layer of skin under the arms (axilla) and near the genitals
175
lesion
any visible change in tissue caused by injury or disease
176
Primary lesions
arise from normal skin as the result of a pathologic process
177
Secondary lesions
changes that occur within primary lesions
178
pruritus
itching
179
cyst
closed, thick-walled sac that contains fluid or semisolid material
180
pil/o
hair, hair follicle
181
examples of cysts
pilonidal cyst, sebaceous cyst
182
vesicles
small, circumscribed elevations on the skin that contain serous fluid
blister
183
bulla
vesicle larger than 1 centimeter
184
Pustules
papules that are filled with pus
185
exudates
purulent material
186
macule
flat, circumscribed lesion less than a centimeter in diameter and may vary in color
larger is called a patch
freckle
187
wheal
smooth, edematous (swollen), solid elevation of the skin, usually red
188
papule
small, solid raised skin lesion that is less than 1 centimeter in diameter
ex: pimple, skin tag
run together called plaques
189
pedunculated
skin tag growth
190
Nodules
solid, round lesions that are at least 1 centimeter in diameter
191
comedones
Inflamed sebum plugs (acne)
192
types of secondary lesions
erosions, ulcers, crusts, scars, and fissures
193
urticaria
hives, acute allergic skin reaction, red
194
Eczema / eczematous dermatitis
expressed as a breakdown of the epidermis, with eruption of erythematous, pruritic vesicles, erythematous papulovesicular lesions
195
erythem/o, erythemat/o
redness
196
myc/o
fungus
197
mycosis
fungal infection
198
Tinea / ringworm
fungal infection of the skin that may affect the stratum corneum, the hair, or the nails
199
ungu/o
nails
200
Scabies
contagious dermatitis caused by penetration into the stratum corneum of the scabies itch mite
*parasitic
201
Onychomycosis
fungal infection of the nails that may develop from the use of artificial fingernails
202
Onycholysis
loosening of the nail plate with separation from the nail bed
203
exanthem
rash
204
Rubeola
measles
205
varicella
chicken pox
206
erythema infectiosum (fifth disease)
viral disease
207
Hand-foot-and-mouth disease (HFMD)
viral illness in children
208
impetigo
contagious *bacterial* skin disorder caused by staphylococcal or streptococcal infection
vesicles, pustules, and crusted lesions
209
Cellulitis
skin infection marked by local heat, redness, pain, and swelling and is caused by a bacterium
210
-lysis
loosening
211
Psoriasis
chronic inflammatory autoimmune skin disorder in which gray, scaly lesions form because of an excessive growth rate of epithelial cells
212
Scleroderma
chronic, progressive autoimmune disorder of the connective tissue
collagen overproduced causing thick skin
213
vitiligo
localized loss of skin pigment, autoimmune disease
214
Albinism
inherited deficiency or absence of pigment in the skin, hair, and eyes caused by an abnormal production of melanin
215
Alopecia
absence or loss of hair from areas where it normally grows
216
Alopecia areata
hair falls out in patches without any scarring or inflammation
217
systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)
chronic inflammatory disease of the connective tissue that affects the skin, joints, kidneys, nervous system, and mucous membranes
butterfly rash
218
fissures
cracklike lesions from worsening injury
219
abscess
collection of pus
220
purpura
red or purple discoloration seen on the surface of the skin caused by bleeding under the skin
221
petechiae
pinpoint purpura
222
ecchymoses
bruise
223
first degree
involving the epidermis only, as in sunburn
224
second degree
involving the epidermis and dermis
225
third degree
all of the layers of the skin have been injured
226
gangrene
Bacterial invasion followed by decomposition of necrotic tissue
227
ulcer
circumscribed, craterlike lesion that results from tissue death in response to inflammation, infection, or malignancy
228
decubitus ulcer (decub) (bed sore)
open sore over a bony prominence caused by an external pressure source
229
does benign spread
no
230
keratosis
thickened, rough lesion of the epidermis associated with aging or skin damage
231
Seborrheic keratosis
benign lesion that is dark in color, sun damage and *aging*
232
Actinic keratosis
keratosis caused by an overexposure to ultraviolet (UV) light
233
corn (clavus)
smooth, thick mass that develops on feet and demonstrates a hard, whitish core
type of callus
234
callus
tend to grow on the weight-bearing areas of the feet and on the palmar surface of the hands
235
verruca or wart
benign tumor of the epidermal layer of the skin, caused by papilloma virus
236
hemangioma
benign tumor made up of a bundle of blood vessels
237
keloid
thickened scar
238
cicatrix
scar tissue that develops during the process of normal healing
239
Leukoplakia
thick white patches or a plaque on the tongue or cheek
240
nevus (mole)
circumscribed, hyperpigmented area of the skin
241
dysplastic nevus
can become cancerous
242
skin cancer categories
malignant melanoma and nonmelanoma
243
Squamous cell carcinoma
cancerous tumor that arises from the squamous epithelial cells of the epidermis and is most often found in sun-damaged skin
244
squam/o
scale
245
Basal cell carcinoma
most commonly occurring malignant skin condition
lesions grow slowly, rarely metastasize, and tend to form in chronically sun-exposed areas of the body
246
Kaposi sarcoma
associated with AIDS, tumor of the connective tissue, or flesh, reddish purple lesions
247
Skin testing
identify cause of eczema
248
patch test
a piece of gauze or filter paper containing an allergen extract is applied to the skin to see whether it produces a reaction
249
scratch test
a small quantity of a solution containing an allergy-causing substance is placed on a lightly scratched area of the skin to assess sensitivity
250
intradermal injection
a suspected allergen is injected into the skin to assess sensitivity
251
Mantoux skin test
purified protein derivative (PPD) skin test, tuberculosis
252
skin biopsy
small piece of living tissue from a lesion is removed for microscopic examination to look for cancer cells
253
Aspiration biopsy
suctioning tissue from a fluid-filled lesion through a fine needle into a syringe
254
Needle biopsy
removing living skin cells by rotating a hollow needle within the underlying cellular layers
255
Punch biopsy
remove the core of the abnormal tissue when excision of the entire lesion is not possible
256
shave biopsy
incising the lesion with a cut that is parallel to the skin
257
ABCDE test
top five characteristics associated with skin cancers
258
Dermabrasion
surgical procedure for removing scars
259
Chemabrasion
application of chemicals that remove surface layers of skin cells
260
cryosurgery
subfreezing liquid nitrogen to destroy a lesion
261
curettage
lesion scraped away
262
electrodesiccation
cancerous tissue is destroyed by burning with an electric spark
263
Debridement
removal of damaged/burned tissue so new tissue can grow
264
psoralen–ultraviolet A (PUVA) light therapy
Treatment of Psoriasis
265
Mohs surgery
One thin layer of tissue is removed at a time; as each layer is removed, its margins are studied under a microscope for the presence of cancer cells, keeps going until all layers are free of cancer
266
B in ABCDE
border
267
E in ABCDE
evolution
268
A in ABCDE
asymmetry
269
C in ABCDE
color
270
D in ABCDE
diameter
271
Acne vulgaris
lesions that characterize acne-papules, pustules, nodules, and cysts-form when sebum, cell debris, and bacteria combine to obstruct the pores
272
Melanomas often arise from
Dysplastic nevi on the back, lower leg, or neck
