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A HEIM 230 > Unit 7 > Flashcards

Unit 7 Flashcards

1
Q

internal movement

A

contraction/relaxation of internal organs

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2
Q

external movement

A

contraction/relaxation of muscles attached to bone

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3
Q

my/o, muscul/o

A

muscles

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4
Q

oste/o

A

bones

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5
Q

arthr/o

A

joints

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6
Q

orth/o

A

straight

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7
Q

ped/o

A

child

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8
Q

Rheumat/o

A

watery flow / joint fluid

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9
Q

chir/o

A

hands

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10
Q

osseous

A

pertaining to bone

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11
Q

chondr/o

A

cartilage

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12
Q

osteoblasts

A

immature bone cell, replace cartilage

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13
Q

Osteoclasts

A

reabsorb, or digest, bony tissue

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14
Q

-clast

A

break

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15
Q

four types of bones

A

long, short, flat, irregular

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16
Q

epiphysis

A

end of long bone

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17
Q

diaphysis

A

middle shaft of long bone

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18
Q

metaphysis

A

between epiphysis and diaphysis

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19
Q

articular cartilage

A

end of bone, bone to bone cushion

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20
Q

epiphyseal plate

A

growth plate

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21
Q

medullary cavity

A

contains yellow bone marrow (fat cells)

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22
Q

trabeculae

A

contains red bone marrow

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23
Q

bone processes

A

bumps

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24
Q

bone depressions

A

hollows, connections between bones or nerves

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25
Q

tuberosity / tubercle

A

large protuberance on a bone where muscles or tendons attach

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26
Q

trochanters

A

points at which hip and thigh muscles attach

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27
Q

condyle

A

rounded, knucklelike joint

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28
Q

epicondyle

A

above condyle

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29
Q

fossa

A

shallow cavity

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30
Q

foramen

A

hole for blood vessels and nerves

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31
Q

sinus

A

hallow cavity

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32
Q

fissure

A

narrow, slit like opening

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33
Q

crani/o

A

cranium

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34
Q

pariet/o

A

parietal

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35
Q

TMJ

A

temporomandibular joint

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36
Q

mandibul/o

A

mandible

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37
Q

spin/o, rachi/o, spondyl/o

A

spinal column

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38
Q

vertebr/o

A

vertebra

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39
Q

cost/o

A

ribs

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40
Q

stern/o

A

sternum

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41
Q

clavicul/o

A

clavicle

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42
Q

scapul/o

A

scapula

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43
Q

humer/o

A

humerus

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44
Q

carp/o

A

carpals

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45
Q

phalang/o

A

phalanges

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46
Q

pelv/i

A

pelvic

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47
Q

ili/o

A

ilium

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48
Q

ischi/o

A

ischium

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49
Q

pub/o

A

pubis

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50
Q

femor/o

A

femur

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51
Q

tars/o

A

tarsal

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52
Q

calcane/o

A

calcaneus

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53
Q

striated

A

voluntary

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54
Q

fasci/o

A

fascia

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55
Q

smooth muscle

A

involuntary

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56
Q

plant/o

A

sole of foot

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57
Q

fibromyalgia

A

diffuse pain and areas that are increasingly sensitive to touch, called tender points

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58
Q

polymyalgia rheumatica

A

aching and morning stiffness in multiple sites of proximal joint

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59
Q

Muscular dystrophy (MD)

A

group of inherited disorders characterized by progressive weakness and degeneration of muscle fibers

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60
Q

Duchenne muscular dystrophy

A

Muscles appear to enlarge (pseudohypertrophy) as fat replaces functional muscle cells that have atrophied

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61
Q

myasthenia

A

muscle weakness

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62
Q

-asthenia

A

weakness

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63
Q

Myositis

A

inflammation of muscle

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64
Q

Polymyositis

A

chronic inflammatory myopathy, autoimmune

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65
Q

Sarcopenia

A

loss of muscle mass and strength associated with aging

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66
Q

-penia

A

deficeiny

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67
Q

sarc/o

A

flesh

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68
Q

hypotonia

A

lack of muscle tone

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69
Q

arthritis

A

inflammation of the articular cartilage of any joint

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70
Q

Ankylosing spondylitis

A

inflammatory disease that can cause some of the vertebrae to fuse together, making the spine less flexible

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71
Q

Ankylosing

A

grown together

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72
Q

Spondylitis or rachitis

A

inflammatory disorder of the vertebral column

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73
Q

spondylosis

A

degenerative changes to the intervertebral disks accompanied by the formation of osteophytes

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74
Q

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA)

A

progressive autoimmune disease that leads to inflammation of the movable joints and surrounding tissues

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75
Q

pyrexia

A

fever

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76
Q

gout / gouty arthritis

A

defect in the metabolism of uric acid, which causes this acid to accumulate in the blood, joints, and soft tissues near the joints

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77
Q

podagra

A

gout involving big toe

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78
Q

osteoarthritis (OA) / degenerative arthritis

A

caused by wear and tear on the joints and produces a narrowing of the joint space attributable to a loss of cartilage

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79
Q

spinal stenosis

A

painful, abnormal narrowing of the lumbar spinal canal

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80
Q

Lyme disease

A

tick diease

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81
Q

Lyme arthritis (LA)

A

joint pain and possibly neurologic problems

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82
Q

Polyarthritis

A

inflammation of multiple joints

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83
Q

hydrarthrosis

A

synovial fluid collects abnormally in the joint

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84
Q

Carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS)

A

common repetitive motion injury, the median nerve is squeezed or constricted by a wrist ligament

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85
Q

ganglion

A

fluid-filled cyst arising from the joint capsule or tendon in the wrist

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86
Q

sprain

A

injury to a ligament when the joint is carried through a range of motion (ROM) greater than its normal range without dislocation or fracture

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87
Q

Dislocation

A

displacement of a body part from its normal position

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88
Q

systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)

A

collagen in connective tissue throughout the body becomes chronically inflamed, chronic inflammatory autoimmune disease involving the joints, skin, kidneys, nervous system, heart, and lungs

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89
Q

sciatica

A

pain originates in the lower back but radiates down leg, from herniated disc

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90
Q

herniated disk

A

tear in a disc causes a portion of the disc to bulge out, abnormal protrusion of an intervertebral disc into the spinal canal

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91
Q

Spondylolisthesis

A

partial forward dislocation of one vertebra over the one beneath it

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92
Q

-listhesis

A

slipping

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93
Q

Diskitis

A

inflammation of intervertebral discs

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94
Q

Bursitis

A

inflammation of bursa

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95
Q

fracture (fx)

A

broken bone

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96
Q

simple fracture

A

closed

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97
Q

compound fracture

A

open

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98
Q

Greenstick fracture

A

bone is partially broken; it breaks on one surface and bends on another, often occurs in the forearm

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99
Q

Comminuted fracture

A

bone is splintered and crushed into several pieces

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100
Q

Compression fracture

A

bone collapses in vertebrae

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101
Q

Impacted fracture

A

One bone fragment is driven into another, occurs in leg

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102
Q

Colles fracture

A

broken wrist

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103
Q

Spiral fracture

A

bone twisted and broken

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104
Q

pathologic fractures / spontaneous fractures

A

occur from pathologic conditions

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105
Q

Osteogenesis imperfecta (OI)

A

causes bones to easily break

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106
Q

Osteitis deformans / Paget disease

A

chronic bone disorder that results in enlarged, deformed bones caused by excessive breakdown and formation of bone tissue

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107
Q

talipes

A

clubfoot

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108
Q

osteomyelitis

A

inflammation of bone and bone marrow

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109
Q

Tendinitis

A

inflammation of tendon

110
Q

tenosynovitis

A

inflammation of tendon and synovial membrane

111
Q

Osteoporosis

A

abnormal loss of bone density

112
Q

-porosis

A

pores/space

113
Q

osteopenia

A

abnormal reduction of bone mass that is caused by inadequate replacement of bone

114
Q

Osteopetrosis

A

abnormal condition of stonelike bones that is caused by an abnormal increase in bone

115
Q

petr/o

A

stone

116
Q

Osteomalacia

A

softening of bones

117
Q

-malacia

A

softening

118
Q

Osteonecrosis

A

death of bone tissue

119
Q

-oma

A

benign tumor

120
Q

sarcoma

A

malignant tumors

121
Q

Osteocarcinoma and osteosarcoma

A

malignant tumors of the bone

Ewing sarcoma in children

122
Q

Osteogenic sarcoma

A

malignant tumor arising from bone

123
Q

Osteofibroma

A

tumor of the bone and fibrous tissue

124
Q

osteochondroma / exostosis

A

benign growth projecting outward from the cartilaginous surface of a bone

125
Q

Myeloma

A

neoplasm composed of cells normally found in bone marrow

126
Q

synoviosarcoma

A

malignant neoplasm arising in the synovial membrane

127
Q

chondroma

A

tumor of cartilage

128
Q

achondroplasia

A

deficiency of the growth of cartilage at the epiphyses of the long bones and skull

129
Q

Chondromalacia

A

abnormal softening of cartilage

130
Q

Osteochondritis

A

inflammation of both the bone and cartilage

131
Q

discography

A

diagnostic imaging procedure in which an x-ray image of the cervical or lumbar intervertebral disc is obtained after the injection of contrast medium into the interior of the disc

132
Q

Arthrography

A

involves taking radiographs of a joint after injecting the joint with opaque contrast material

133
Q

electromyography (EMG)

A

process of recording muscle contraction strength after electrical stimulation, helping to pinpoint any muscle weakness

134
Q

bone scan

A

injecting a radioactive phosphate substance into the area under examination and then measuring the substance’s uptake

areas of high uptake can show issues

radioactive substance is placed within the body to enable visualization of a bone via the image produced by the emission of radioactive particles

135
Q

Arthroscopy

A

viewing of a joint with an endoscope

136
Q

DXA / DEXA scan

A

dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry

137
Q

DEXA scan

A

bone density test

set of x-rays of the bones in the spinal column, pelvis, and wrist to detect bone density

138
Q

antinuclear antibody (ANA) test

A

detect the presence of an antibody present in the serum of a patient with systemic lupus erythematosus and other autoimmune diseases

139
Q

erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR)

A

measure of the rate at which erythrocytes settle, diagnose inflammation

140
Q

rheumatoid factor (RF)

A

Any amount of the antibody RF indicates rheumatoid arthritis

141
Q

disease-modifying antirheumatic drug (DMARD)

A

treatment for rheumatoid arthritis

142
Q

serum calcium (Ca) test

A

measure calcium

143
Q

serum creatine phosphokinase test / serum creatine kinase (CK)

A

High blood levels of CPK are found in patients who have myopathy, muscular dystrophies, and polymyositis

144
Q

arthrocentesis

A

joint space is punctured with a surgical needle and synovial fluid is removed for analysis

145
Q

arthrodesis

A

joint is fused to provide stability

146
Q

-desis

A

surgical fixation, fusion

147
Q

total hip replacement (THR)

A

femoral head and acetabulum are replaced with prostheses that are cemented into the bone

148
Q

arthroplasty

A

surgical repair of a joint

149
Q

resection arthroplasty

A

removal of one or both articular surfaces of a joint

150
Q

interposition arthroplasty

A

uses tissue from another location to cushion the damaged surface of an elbow joint

151
Q

revision arthroplasty

A

follow-up surgery to replace a worn-out joint replacement

152
Q

tendoplasty

A

surgical repair of a tendon

153
Q

tenorrhaphy

A

damaged or torn ends of the tendon are sutured together

154
Q

-rrhaphy

A

sutured

155
Q

Vertebroplasty

A

relieves pain from compression fractures of the vertebrae, using medical cement to fill in the cracks

156
Q

discectomy

A

surgical procedure to remove herniated disc material

157
Q

laminectomy

A

small piece of bone (the lamina) from the affected vertebra removed

158
Q

Microdiscectomy

A

uses a special microscope to view the disc and nerves

159
Q

dermat/o, derm/o, cutane/o

A

skin

160
Q

stratas of the epidermis

A

stratum corneum / squamous epithelium

stratum germinativum

161
Q

Melanocytes

A

contain melanin

162
Q

corium

A

dermis, contains blood vessels, nerves, and glands

163
Q

layers of the dermis

A

papillary layer, reticular layer

164
Q

reticul/o

A

network

165
Q

hidr/o

A

sweat

166
Q

adipocytes (where?)

A

in subcutaneous layer

167
Q

pil/o, trich/o

A

hair

168
Q

nail matrix

A

nail root

169
Q

lunula

A

above the cuticle

170
Q

paronychia

A

soft tissue that surrounds the nail border

171
Q

seb/o

A

sebum

172
Q

pilosebaceous unit

A

hair follicle and the attached sebaceous gland

173
Q

Eccrine gland

A

coiled structures located in the dermis, the ducts of which open directly onto the surface of the skin as pores

174
Q

Apocrine glands (sweat glands)

A

larger excretory organs deeply embedded in the dermal layer of skin under the arms (axilla) and near the genitals

175
Q

lesion

A

any visible change in tissue caused by injury or disease

176
Q

Primary lesions

A

arise from normal skin as the result of a pathologic process

177
Q

Secondary lesions

A

changes that occur within primary lesions

178
Q

pruritus

A

itching

179
Q

cyst

A

closed, thick-walled sac that contains fluid or semisolid material

180
Q

pil/o

A

hair, hair follicle

181
Q

examples of cysts

A

pilonidal cyst, sebaceous cyst

182
Q

vesicles

A

small, circumscribed elevations on the skin that contain serous fluid

blister

183
Q

bulla

A

vesicle larger than 1 centimeter

184
Q

Pustules

A

papules that are filled with pus

185
Q

exudates

A

purulent material

186
Q

macule

A

flat, circumscribed lesion less than a centimeter in diameter and may vary in color

larger is called a patch

freckle

187
Q

wheal

A

smooth, edematous (swollen), solid elevation of the skin, usually red

188
Q

papule

A

small, solid raised skin lesion that is less than 1 centimeter in diameter

ex: pimple, skin tag

run together called plaques

189
Q

pedunculated

A

skin tag growth

190
Q

Nodules

A

solid, round lesions that are at least 1 centimeter in diameter

191
Q

comedones

A

Inflamed sebum plugs (acne)

192
Q

types of secondary lesions

A

erosions, ulcers, crusts, scars, and fissures

193
Q

urticaria

A

hives, acute allergic skin reaction, red

194
Q

Eczema / eczematous dermatitis

A

expressed as a breakdown of the epidermis, with eruption of erythematous, pruritic vesicles, erythematous papulovesicular lesions

195
Q

erythem/o, erythemat/o

A

redness

196
Q

myc/o

A

fungus

197
Q

mycosis

A

fungal infection

198
Q

Tinea / ringworm

A

fungal infection of the skin that may affect the stratum corneum, the hair, or the nails

199
Q

ungu/o

A

nails

200
Q

Scabies

A

contagious dermatitis caused by penetration into the stratum corneum of the scabies itch mite

*parasitic

201
Q

Onychomycosis

A

fungal infection of the nails that may develop from the use of artificial fingernails

202
Q

Onycholysis

A

loosening of the nail plate with separation from the nail bed

203
Q

exanthem

A

rash

204
Q

Rubeola

A

measles

205
Q

varicella

A

chicken pox

206
Q

erythema infectiosum (fifth disease)

A

viral disease

207
Q

Hand-foot-and-mouth disease (HFMD)

A

viral illness in children

208
Q

impetigo

A

contagious bacterial skin disorder caused by staphylococcal or streptococcal infection

vesicles, pustules, and crusted lesions

209
Q

Cellulitis

A

skin infection marked by local heat, redness, pain, and swelling and is caused by a bacterium

210
Q

-lysis

A

loosening

211
Q

Psoriasis

A

chronic inflammatory autoimmune skin disorder in which gray, scaly lesions form because of an excessive growth rate of epithelial cells

212
Q

Scleroderma

A

chronic, progressive autoimmune disorder of the connective tissue

collagen overproduced causing thick skin

213
Q

vitiligo

A

localized loss of skin pigment, autoimmune disease

214
Q

Albinism

A

inherited deficiency or absence of pigment in the skin, hair, and eyes caused by an abnormal production of melanin

215
Q

Alopecia

A

absence or loss of hair from areas where it normally grows

216
Q

Alopecia areata

A

hair falls out in patches without any scarring or inflammation

217
Q

systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)

A

chronic inflammatory disease of the connective tissue that affects the skin, joints, kidneys, nervous system, and mucous membranes

butterfly rash

218
Q

fissures

A

cracklike lesions from worsening injury

219
Q

abscess

A

collection of pus

220
Q

purpura

A

red or purple discoloration seen on the surface of the skin caused by bleeding under the skin

221
Q

petechiae

A

pinpoint purpura

222
Q

ecchymoses

A

bruise

223
Q

first degree

A

involving the epidermis only, as in sunburn

224
Q

second degree

A

involving the epidermis and dermis

225
Q

third degree

A

all of the layers of the skin have been injured

226
Q

gangrene

A

Bacterial invasion followed by decomposition of necrotic tissue

227
Q

ulcer

A

circumscribed, craterlike lesion that results from tissue death in response to inflammation, infection, or malignancy

228
Q

decubitus ulcer (decub) (bed sore)

A

open sore over a bony prominence caused by an external pressure source

229
Q

does benign spread

A

no

230
Q

keratosis

A

thickened, rough lesion of the epidermis associated with aging or skin damage

231
Q

Seborrheic keratosis

A

benign lesion that is dark in color, sun damage and aging

232
Q

Actinic keratosis

A

keratosis caused by an overexposure to ultraviolet (UV) light

233
Q

corn (clavus)

A

smooth, thick mass that develops on feet and demonstrates a hard, whitish core

type of callus

234
Q

callus

A

tend to grow on the weight-bearing areas of the feet and on the palmar surface of the hands

235
Q

verruca or wart

A

benign tumor of the epidermal layer of the skin, caused by papilloma virus

236
Q

hemangioma

A

benign tumor made up of a bundle of blood vessels

237
Q

keloid

A

thickened scar

238
Q

cicatrix

A

scar tissue that develops during the process of normal healing

239
Q

Leukoplakia

A

thick white patches or a plaque on the tongue or cheek

240
Q

nevus (mole)

A

circumscribed, hyperpigmented area of the skin

241
Q

dysplastic nevus

A

can become cancerous

242
Q

skin cancer categories

A

malignant melanoma and nonmelanoma

243
Q

Squamous cell carcinoma

A

cancerous tumor that arises from the squamous epithelial cells of the epidermis and is most often found in sun-damaged skin

244
Q

squam/o

A

scale

245
Q

Basal cell carcinoma

A

most commonly occurring malignant skin condition

lesions grow slowly, rarely metastasize, and tend to form in chronically sun-exposed areas of the body

246
Q

Kaposi sarcoma

A

associated with AIDS, tumor of the connective tissue, or flesh, reddish purple lesions

247
Q

Skin testing

A

identify cause of eczema

248
Q

patch test

A

a piece of gauze or filter paper containing an allergen extract is applied to the skin to see whether it produces a reaction

249
Q

scratch test

A

a small quantity of a solution containing an allergy-causing substance is placed on a lightly scratched area of the skin to assess sensitivity

250
Q

intradermal injection

A

a suspected allergen is injected into the skin to assess sensitivity

251
Q

Mantoux skin test

A

purified protein derivative (PPD) skin test, tuberculosis

252
Q

skin biopsy

A

small piece of living tissue from a lesion is removed for microscopic examination to look for cancer cells

253
Q

Aspiration biopsy

A

suctioning tissue from a fluid-filled lesion through a fine needle into a syringe

254
Q

Needle biopsy

A

removing living skin cells by rotating a hollow needle within the underlying cellular layers

255
Q

Punch biopsy

A

remove the core of the abnormal tissue when excision of the entire lesion is not possible

256
Q

shave biopsy

A

incising the lesion with a cut that is parallel to the skin

257
Q

ABCDE test

A

top five characteristics associated with skin cancers

258
Q

Dermabrasion

A

surgical procedure for removing scars

259
Q

Chemabrasion

A

application of chemicals that remove surface layers of skin cells

260
Q

cryosurgery

A

subfreezing liquid nitrogen to destroy a lesion

261
Q

curettage

A

lesion scraped away

262
Q

electrodesiccation

A

cancerous tissue is destroyed by burning with an electric spark

263
Q

Debridement

A

removal of damaged/burned tissue so new tissue can grow

264
Q

psoralen–ultraviolet A (PUVA) light therapy

A

Treatment of Psoriasis

265
Q

Mohs surgery

A

One thin layer of tissue is removed at a time; as each layer is removed, its margins are studied under a microscope for the presence of cancer cells, keeps going until all layers are free of cancer

266
Q

B in ABCDE

A

border

267
Q

E in ABCDE

A

evolution

268
Q

A in ABCDE

A

asymmetry

269
Q

C in ABCDE

A

color

270
Q

D in ABCDE

A

diameter

271
Q

Acne vulgaris

A

lesions that characterize acne-papules, pustules, nodules, and cysts-form when sebum, cell debris, and bacteria combine to obstruct the pores

272
Q

Melanomas often arise from

A

Dysplastic nevi on the back, lower leg, or neck

A HEIM 230 (8 decks)

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