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A HEIM 230 > Unit 6 > Flashcards

Unit 6 Flashcards

1
Q

nas/o, rhin/o

A

nose

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2
Q

sinus/o

A

sinuses

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3
Q

pharyng/o

A

pharynx / throat

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4
Q

adenoid/o

A

pharyngeal tonsils / adenoids

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5
Q

or/o

A

mouth

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6
Q

SOB

A

shortness of breath

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7
Q

laryng/o

A

larynx

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8
Q

epiglott/o

A

epiglottis

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9
Q

trache/o

A

trachea

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10
Q

pulmon/o, pneum/o, pneumon/o

A

lungs

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11
Q

thorac/o, pector/o

A

chest

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12
Q

mediastin/o

A

mediastinum

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13
Q

bronch/o, bronchi/o

A

bronchi

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14
Q

bronchiol/o

A

bronchioles

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15
Q

spir/o

A

breathing

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16
Q

alveol/o

A

alveoli

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17
Q

capn/o

A

CO2

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18
Q

phren/o

A

diaphragm

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19
Q

pleur/o

A

pleura

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20
Q

apic/o

A

apex

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21
Q

lob/o

A

lobes

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22
Q

hilum

A

depression in lungs

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23
Q

diaphragm during inspiration

A

diaphragm contracts and descends

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24
Q

diaphragm during expiration

A

diaphragm relaxes and ascends

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25
Q

pressure during expiration

A

increases

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26
Q

ventilation

A

movement of air in and out of lungs

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27
Q

epistaxis

A

nosebleed

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28
Q

croup

A

common acute viral infection in children, characterized by obstruction of the larynx

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29
Q

stridor

A

high-pitched sound during inspiration

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30
Q

diphtheria

A

acute bacterial infection of the upper respiratory tract that causes a leathery false membrane to form in the throat and the tonsils

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31
Q

pertussis / Whooping cough

A

severe hacking cough, followed by a high-pitched intake of air that sounds like a “whoop.”

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32
Q

URI

A

upper respiratory infection

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33
Q

DTaP

A

diphtheria, tetanus, and pertussis vaccine

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34
Q

obstructive sleep apnea (OSA)

A

sudden cessation of breathing during sleep, can lead to hypoxia

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35
Q

-pnea

A

breathing

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36
Q

asphyxia

A

lack of pulse

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37
Q

hypoxemia

A

deficient oxygen levels in blood

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38
Q

hypercapnia

A

excessive carbon dioxide

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39
Q

CPAP

A

continuous positive airway pressure

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40
Q

COPD

A

chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

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41
Q

dyspnea

A

difficulty breathing

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42
Q

Asthma

A

chronic, intermittent inflammatory disorder in which the bronchi in the lungs become obstructed by swelling (bronchial edema), constriction, and increased mucous production

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43
Q

Reactive airway disease

A

general term for conditions that involve wheezing and allergic reactions

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44
Q

Albuterol

A

short-acting beta agonist (SABA) used to treat acute symptoms

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45
Q

Wheezes

A

continuous whistling sounds caused by air being forced through narrowed air passages

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46
Q

auscultation

A

listening through a stethoscope for body breath sounds

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47
Q

rhonchi

A

coarse, loud rumbling sounds similar to snoring

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48
Q

Rales or crackles

A

crackling sounds heard during inhalation, caused by excess bronchial tube secretions in the alveoli

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49
Q

chronic bronchitis

A

a COPD, inflammatory changes that narrow the bronchi limit airflow, onset is slow

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50
Q

Cystic fibrosis (CF)

A

inherited (genetic) disorder, mucous glands produce thick, abundant secretions that cause chronic airway obstruction

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51
Q

Bronchiectasis

A

chronic dilation of bronchi, caused by bacterial infection

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52
Q

-ectasis

A

dilation

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53
Q

pleural rub

A

the pleura are roughened and thickened by inflammation, infection, scarring, or neoplastic cells

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54
Q

Pneumonia

A

inflammation of the alveoli

which fill with pus or other wastes in response to infective agents, such as bacteria, viruses, and fungi

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55
Q

infiltrate

A

fluid-filled area

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56
Q

lobar pneumonia

A

fluid, blood cells, and other debris consolidate, or solidify, within the alveoli of one or more lobes

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57
Q

bronchopneumonia

A

consolidation primarily occurs in the terminal bronchioles

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58
Q

tuberculosis (TB)

A

infectious disease caused by inhalation of Mycobacterium tuberculosis that invade the lungs

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59
Q

pulmonary fibrosis

A

formation of scar tissue in the connective tissue of the lungs

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60
Q

pulmonary abscess

A

pus-filled lesion in the lung, usually caused by the aspiration of bacteria

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61
Q

Sputum / phlegm

A

material expelled from the respiratory tract by spitting

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62
Q

emphysema

A

type of COPD, alveolar walls lose their elasticity, become hyperinflated, and eventually rupture

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63
Q

Dyspnea on exertion (DOE)

A

early symptom of emphysema

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64
Q

cor pulmonale

A

failure of the right side of the heart to pump sufficiently to the lungs, which causes the right ventricle to enlarge

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65
Q

Atelectasis

A

collapsed lung, caused by blockage of air passageways

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66
Q

tele/o

A

complete

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67
Q

pulmonary sarcoidosis

A

caused by small areas of inflammation, small patches of inflamed cells can appear on the alveoli, bronchioles, or lymph nodes

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68
Q

pneumoconiosis

A

group of occupational-related restrictive lung diseases characterized by inflammation, infection, and bronchitis

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69
Q

coni/o

A

dust

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70
Q

asbestosis

A

caused by the inspiration and accumulation of asbestos particles

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71
Q

silicosis

A

develops from the accumulation of silica or glass dust in the lungs

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72
Q

anthracosis

A

black lung disease, coal dust

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73
Q

bronchogenic carcinoma

A

Lung cancer arising from the bronchi

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74
Q

two categories of carcinoma

A

small-cell lung cancer (SCLC) and non–small cell lung cancer (NSCLC)

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75
Q

Small cell lung cancer

A

aggressive cancer that forms in the tissues of the lungs, associated with smoking

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76
Q

Non–small cell lung cancer

A

adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma

Adenocarcinoma usually develops in the peripheral lung tissue, is the most common type of lung cancer, and is highly metastatic.

Squamous cell carcinoma tends to develop from the lining of the bronchial passages; this type of cancer does not rapidly metastasize and has a better prognosis

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77
Q

Pulmonary edema

A

abnormal amounts of fluid accumulate in the alveoli, bronchioles, and interstitial spaces of the lungs

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78
Q

Pulmonary embolism (PE)

A

pulmonary artery clot

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79
Q

pulmonary infarction

A

death (necrosis) of lung tissue caused by an interrupted blood supply

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80
Q

Pleurisy / pleuritis

A

inflammation of the pleura

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81
Q

pleural effusion

A

buildup of fluid between lungs and ribs as a consequence of infection

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82
Q

two types of fluid causing pleural effusion

A

exudates and transudates

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83
Q

hydrothorax

A

abnormal accumulation of fluid between the lung and chest wall

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84
Q

Pneumothorax

A

collection of air (pneum/o) in the pleural space

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85
Q

Hemothorax

A

blood in the pleural cavity

86
Q

pyothorax

A

pus in the chest

87
Q

hemoptysis

A

coughing up blood

88
Q

-ptysis

A

spitting

89
Q

mesothelioma

A

rare malignant tumor that is derived from mesothelial tissue on pleural membrane, caused by inhalation of asbestos

90
Q

purulent

A

pus containing

91
Q

Percussion

A

physical examination that involves tapping different parts of the body to detect the presence of fluid

92
Q

auscultation

A

listening for body breath sounds through a stethoscope

93
Q

Computed tomography (CT)

A

computer-generated series of x-ray images that show the thoracic structures in cross section and in other planes

94
Q

CXR

A

chest x-rays

95
Q

Pulmonary angiography

A

filming of the blood vessels in the lung after the injection of a contrast medium into the pulmonary artery

96
Q

CT pulmonary angiography (CTPA)

A

combines CT scanning and angiography and is used to examine the pulmonary circulation to aid the diagnosis of pulmonary embolism

97
Q

ventilation/perfusion scanning (VPS) / V/Q scan

A

injection or inhalation of radioactive material to study its distribution in the lung

98
Q

Positron emission tomography (PET)

A

image the body’s cells with the use of a radioactive tracer, can show tumors

99
Q

CT-PET fusion imaging

A

combines the anatomic detail of a CT scan with the molecular metabolic information of a PET scan

100
Q

sputum culture

A

test to detect and identify bacteria or fungi that are infecting the lungs or breathing passages

101
Q

Expectoration

A

clearing of sputum from the airway by coughing or spitting

102
Q

Tuberculin tests

A

involve the introduction, by one of several methods, of a purified protein derivative (PPD) of the tubercle bacilli into skin

103
Q

Mantoux skin test

A

intradermal injection

104
Q

sweat test

A

reveal elevated levels of sodium and chloride when the cystic fibrosis is present

105
Q

Pulmonary function tests (PFTs)

A

measure the ventilation mechanics of the lung

106
Q

Pulse oximetry

A

measuring the oxygen saturation of arterial blood

107
Q

spirometer

A

instrument that measures and records the volume of inhaled and exhaled air

108
Q

Endotracheal intubation

A

placement of a tube (intubation) through the mouth into the pharynx, larynx, and trachea to establish an airway

109
Q

laryngoscopy

A

lighted, flexible laryngoscope is passed from the mouth or nose into the throat to visualize the larynx

110
Q

Bronchoscopy (bronch)

A

endoscopic examination of the bronchi with a fiberoptic or rigid endoscope

111
Q

Cytology

A

collect cell samples for microscopic study

112
Q

Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL)

A

bronchoscope is passed through the mouth or nose into the lung, and fluid is put into a small part of the lung and then recollected for examination

113
Q

Bronchial brush cytology

A

small brush to collect the biopsy sample from the airways

114
Q

Endobronchial ultrasound (EBUS)

A

imaging procedure performed during bronchoscopy

115
Q

thoracentesis

A

insertion of a needle or catheter to puncture the pleural space to obtain pleural fluid for analysis, diagnose effusion

116
Q

thoracotomy

A

surgical incision into the chest, allows lung biopsy

117
Q

Mediastinoscopy

A

endoscope to examine the mediastinum visually through an incision, evaluate spread of disease

118
Q

thorascopy

A

visual examination of the chest; it involves making small incisions in the chest and inserting an endoscope into the chest cavity

119
Q

video-assisted thoracoscopy (VATS)

A

thoracoscope equipped with a camera magnifies the area of interest

120
Q

PPD

A

purified protein derivatives

121
Q

tracheostomy

A

insert a tube into a surgically created opening in the trachea

122
Q

Tube thoracostomy

A

used to remove air (pneumothorax), fluid (pleural effusion), or pus (empyema) continuously from the chest

123
Q

Magnetic resonance imaging

A

useful for detecting mediastinal tumors

124
Q

DLCO

A

test measures the ability of gases to cross the alveolar-capillary membrane

125
Q

crin/o

A

to secrete

126
Q

aden/o

A

gland

127
Q

-stasis

A

maintaining

128
Q

home/o

A

stability

129
Q

hormon/o

A

hormones

130
Q

ster/o

A

solid structure

131
Q

-oid

A

resembling or derived from

132
Q

cortic/o

A

cortex

133
Q

Protein hormones bind

A

with receptors on the plasma membrane

134
Q

Steroid hormones pass

A

through the plasma membrane and bind with receptors inside the cell

135
Q

pituitary/o

A

pituitary gland

136
Q

-tropin

A

stimulating the function of

137
Q

adenophyphosis

A

anterior lobe of pituitary

138
Q

neurohypophysis

A

posterior lobe of pituitary, storage

139
Q

prolactin (PRL) / lactogenic hormone

A

mammary glands and milk

pituitary

140
Q

Thyrotropin / thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)

A

stimulate thyroid

pituitary

141
Q

adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

A

targets adrenal cortex

pituitary

142
Q

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

A

stimulates the growth of the ova, or eggs, in the female and the growth of sperm in the male

pituitary

143
Q

Luteinizing hormone (LH)

A

causes the secretion of the sex hormones

pituitary

144
Q

antidiuretic hormone (ADH) / vasopressin

A

posterior pituitary

145
Q

oxytocin (OT, OCT)

A

stimulates contractions and milk

posterior pituitary

146
Q

thyr/o, thyroid/o

A

thyroid

147
Q

eu-

A

normal

148
Q

triiodothyronine (T3)

A

thyroid

149
Q

tetraiodothyronine (T4) / thyroxine

A

increase body cell metabolism

thyroid

150
Q

calcitonin

A

decrease the levels of blood calcium

thyroid

151
Q

parathyroid/o

A

parathyroid glands

152
Q

parathyroid hormone (PTH) / parathormone

A

stimulates the release of calcium from bone tissue to increase the level of calcium in the blood

parathyroid

153
Q

thymosin

A

stimulates the development of the immune system and the production of lymphocytes

thymus

154
Q

adrenal/o

A

adrenal

155
Q

corticosteroids

A

glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids, and sex hormones

adrenal cortex

156
Q

Mineralocorticoids

A

regulate the amount of salts (electrolytes) in the blood (aldosterone)

157
Q

glucocorticoids

A

help maintain normal blood glucose (gluc/o) levels and normal blood pressure

ex: Cortisol / hydrocortisone

158
Q

gonadocorticoids / sex hormones

A

secondary sex characteristics and are required for reproduction

159
Q

catecholamines

A

epinephrine / adrenaline and norepinephrine

adrenal medulla

160
Q

Insulin

A

helps glucose to be picked up by the body’s cells, and it promotes the conversion of glucose to glycogen for storage in the liver, decrease blood sugar

pancreas beta cells

161
Q

Glucagon

A

opposes insulin, increase blood sugar

pancreas alpha cells

162
Q

-agon

A

assemble

163
Q

estrogens

A

expression of female sexual characteristics and for maintaining the proper sequence in the female reproductive cycle

ovaries

164
Q

Progesterone

A

prepares the uterine lining for pregnancy and maintains it during pregnancy

ovaries

165
Q

Testosterone

A

maturation of secondary sex characteristics in the male

testis

166
Q

acromegaly

A

chronic metabolic disorder that involves the gradual enlargement of the bones of the face, jaw, and extremities

tumor of the pituitary

167
Q

-megaly

A

enlargement

168
Q

acr/o

A

extremities

169
Q

dwarfism

A

Hyposecretion of growth hormone

170
Q

Panhypopituitarism

A

deficiency of all pituitary hormones

171
Q

polydipsia

A

excessive thirst

172
Q

Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH)

A

excessive secretion of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) from the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland, leading to abnormal retention of water

173
Q

diabetes insipidus (DI)

A

insufficient levels of ADH, the kidney fails to reabsorb needed salts and water

174
Q

Hypothyroidism

A

deficient activity of the thyroid gland

175
Q

Cretinism

A

congenital condition associated with severe hypothyroidism

176
Q

Myxedema

A

most severe form of hypothyroidism

experience swelling of the hands, face, and feet caused by the accumulation of a mucuslike substance under the skin

177
Q

myx/o

A

mucus

178
Q

goiter

A

Enlargement of the thyroid, low iodine causes low levels of triiodothyronine (T3) and tetraiodothyronine (T4)

179
Q

thyrotoxicosis / Graves disease

A

abnormally high / toxic levels of thyroid activity

exophthalmos

180
Q

Hyperparathyroidism

A

high levels of circulating PTH leads to an excessive amount of calcium in the bloodstream, or hypercalcemia

181
Q

hypoparathyroidism

A

calcium remains in the bones and is unable to enter the bloodstream, hypocalcemia, leads to tetany (constant muscle contraction)

182
Q

adrenal virilism

A

Excess secretion of the androgens by the inner layer of the adrenal cortex, manly characteristics in women (hirsutism)

183
Q

viril/o

A

masculine

184
Q

Cushing syndrome

A

Hypersecretion of cortisol, caused by excessive levels of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and glucocorticoids

185
Q

Addison disease

A

all three categories of adrenal steroids—mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids, and androgens—are deficient

antibodies that destroy adrenal tissue

186
Q

Pheochromocytoma

A

benign vascular tumor that causes hypersecretion of the hormones epinephrine and norepinephrine

187
Q

hypoglycemia

A

Excess secretion of insulin lowers the blood glucose level

188
Q

hyperinsulinism

A

Elevation in the amount of insulin, could be caused by tumor

189
Q

diabetes mellitus (DM)

A

insulin not secreted as it should be, elevated glucose levels

190
Q

ketoacidosis (DKA)

A

complication of DM, body burns ketoacids as energy due to lack of glucose

191
Q

hyperglycemia

A

high levels of blood glucose

192
Q

diabetic neuropathy

A

destruction of nerves in the extremities

193
Q

diabetic retinopathy

A

blood vessels of the retina may be destroyed

194
Q

gestational diabetes

A

develops during pregnancy

195
Q

radioimmunoassay studies (RIA)

A

laboratory measure that assesses hormone levels in plasma

196
Q

thyroid function tests (TFTs)

A

measure the levels of thyroid hormones (TSH) in the blood

197
Q

thyroid scan

A

nuclear medicine technique used to visualize the shape, size, and position of the thyroid gland by passing a scanning device over the neck after a radioactive substance has been given to the patient

198
Q

radioactive iodine uptake (RAIU) scan

A

give radioactive substance through iodine

199
Q

exophthalmometry

A

measures the forward displacement of the eyes in the person with Graves disease

200
Q

parathyroidectomy

A

tumor removed from parathyroid

201
Q

adrenalectomy

A

removal of adrenal gland

202
Q

hypophysectomy

A

removal of tumor from pituitary for Cushing disease

203
Q

biphosphonate

A

Type of drug that is used to treat hyperparathyroidism, particularly to decrease hypercalcemia

204
Q

Urine studies assess

A

presence of glucose, ketones, and urinary microalbumin

205
Q

fasting blood sugar (FBS) test, also called fasting plasma glucose (FPG)

A

assesses blood glucose levels after an 8- to 10-hour period of fasting to diagnose diabetes

206
Q

glycosylated hemoglobin test (HbA1c)

A

monitors long-term glucose control by measuring the percentage of red blood cells with glucose attached

207
Q

glucose tolerance test (GTT)

A

used to diagnose both prediabetes and gestational diabetes

208
Q

CGMS

A

continuous glucose monitoring system

209
Q

A1c blood test

A

assess glucose control by measuring the levels of glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) in serum

high levels bad

210
Q

Serum tests

A

include growth hormone, prolactin level, gonadotropin levels, and calcium

211
Q

toc/o

A

birth

A HEIM 230 (8 decks)

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