Unit 6 Flashcards
1
Q
nas/o, rhin/o
A
nose
2
Q
sinus/o
A
sinuses
3
Q
pharyng/o
A
pharynx / throat
4
Q
adenoid/o
A
pharyngeal tonsils / adenoids
5
Q
or/o
A
mouth
6
Q
SOB
A
shortness of breath
7
Q
laryng/o
A
larynx
8
Q
epiglott/o
A
epiglottis
9
Q
trache/o
A
trachea
10
Q
pulmon/o, pneum/o, pneumon/o
A
lungs
11
Q
thorac/o, pector/o
A
chest
12
Q
mediastin/o
A
mediastinum
13
Q
bronch/o, bronchi/o
A
bronchi
14
Q
bronchiol/o
A
bronchioles
15
Q
spir/o
A
breathing
16
Q
alveol/o
A
alveoli
17
Q
capn/o
A
CO2
18
Q
phren/o
A
diaphragm
19
Q
pleur/o
A
pleura
20
Q
apic/o
A
apex
21
Q
lob/o
A
lobes
22
Q
hilum
A
depression in lungs
23
Q
diaphragm during inspiration
A
diaphragm contracts and descends
24
Q
diaphragm during expiration
A
diaphragm relaxes and ascends
25
pressure during expiration
increases
26
ventilation
movement of air in and out of lungs
27
epistaxis
nosebleed
28
croup
common acute viral infection in children, characterized by obstruction of the larynx
29
stridor
high-pitched sound during inspiration
30
diphtheria
acute bacterial infection of the upper respiratory tract that causes a leathery false membrane to form in the throat and the tonsils
31
pertussis / Whooping cough
severe hacking cough, followed by a high-pitched intake of air that sounds like a "whoop."
32
URI
upper respiratory infection
33
DTaP
diphtheria, tetanus, and pertussis vaccine
34
obstructive sleep apnea (OSA)
sudden cessation of breathing during sleep, can lead to hypoxia
35
-pnea
breathing
36
asphyxia
lack of pulse
37
hypoxemia
deficient oxygen levels in blood
38
hypercapnia
excessive carbon dioxide
39
CPAP
continuous positive airway pressure
40
COPD
chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
41
dyspnea
difficulty breathing
42
Asthma
chronic, intermittent inflammatory disorder in which the bronchi in the lungs become obstructed by swelling (bronchial edema), constriction, and increased mucous production
43
Reactive airway disease
general term for conditions that involve wheezing and allergic reactions
44
Albuterol
short-acting beta agonist (SABA) used to treat acute symptoms
45
Wheezes
continuous whistling sounds caused by air being forced through narrowed air passages
46
auscultation
listening through a stethoscope for body breath sounds
47
rhonchi
coarse, loud rumbling sounds similar to snoring
48
Rales or crackles
crackling sounds heard during inhalation, caused by excess bronchial tube secretions in the alveoli
49
chronic bronchitis
a COPD, inflammatory changes that narrow the bronchi limit airflow, onset is slow
50
Cystic fibrosis (CF)
inherited (genetic) disorder, mucous glands produce thick, abundant secretions that cause chronic airway obstruction
51
Bronchiectasis
chronic dilation of bronchi, caused by bacterial infection
52
-ectasis
dilation
53
pleural rub
the pleura are roughened and thickened by inflammation, infection, scarring, or neoplastic cells
54
Pneumonia
inflammation of the alveoli
which fill with pus or other wastes in response to infective agents, such as bacteria, viruses, and fungi
55
infiltrate
fluid-filled area
56
lobar pneumonia
fluid, blood cells, and other debris consolidate, or solidify, within the alveoli of one or more lobes
57
bronchopneumonia
consolidation primarily occurs in the terminal bronchioles
58
tuberculosis (TB)
infectious disease caused by inhalation of Mycobacterium tuberculosis that invade the lungs
59
pulmonary fibrosis
formation of scar tissue in the connective tissue of the lungs
60
pulmonary abscess
pus-filled lesion in the lung, usually caused by the aspiration of bacteria
61
Sputum / phlegm
material expelled from the respiratory tract by spitting
62
emphysema
type of COPD, alveolar walls lose their elasticity, become hyperinflated, and eventually rupture
63
Dyspnea on exertion (DOE)
early symptom of emphysema
64
cor pulmonale
failure of the right side of the heart to pump sufficiently to the lungs, which causes the right ventricle to enlarge
65
Atelectasis
collapsed lung, caused by blockage of air passageways
66
tele/o
complete
67
pulmonary sarcoidosis
caused by small areas of inflammation, small patches of inflamed cells can appear on the alveoli, bronchioles, or lymph nodes
68
pneumoconiosis
group of occupational-related restrictive lung diseases characterized by inflammation, infection, and bronchitis
69
coni/o
dust
70
asbestosis
caused by the inspiration and accumulation of asbestos particles
71
silicosis
develops from the accumulation of silica or glass dust in the lungs
72
anthracosis
black lung disease, coal dust
73
bronchogenic carcinoma
Lung cancer arising from the bronchi
74
two categories of carcinoma
small-cell lung cancer (SCLC) and non–small cell lung cancer (NSCLC)
75
Small cell lung cancer
aggressive cancer that forms in the tissues of the lungs, associated with smoking
76
Non–small cell lung cancer
adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma
Adenocarcinoma usually develops in the peripheral lung tissue, is the most common type of lung cancer, and is highly metastatic.
Squamous cell carcinoma tends to develop from the lining of the bronchial passages; this type of cancer does not rapidly metastasize and has a better prognosis
77
Pulmonary edema
abnormal amounts of fluid accumulate in the alveoli, bronchioles, and interstitial spaces of the lungs
78
Pulmonary embolism (PE)
pulmonary artery clot
79
pulmonary infarction
death (necrosis) of lung tissue caused by an interrupted blood supply
80
Pleurisy / pleuritis
inflammation of the pleura
81
pleural effusion
buildup of fluid between lungs and ribs as a consequence of infection
82
two types of fluid causing pleural effusion
exudates and transudates
83
hydrothorax
abnormal accumulation of fluid between the lung and chest wall
84
Pneumothorax
collection of air (pneum/o) in the pleural space
85
Hemothorax
blood in the pleural cavity
86
pyothorax
pus in the chest
87
hemoptysis
coughing up blood
88
-ptysis
spitting
89
mesothelioma
rare malignant tumor that is derived from mesothelial tissue on pleural membrane, caused by inhalation of asbestos
90
purulent
pus containing
91
Percussion
physical examination that involves tapping different parts of the body to detect the presence of fluid
92
auscultation
listening for body breath sounds through a stethoscope
93
Computed tomography (CT)
computer-generated series of x-ray images that show the thoracic structures in cross section and in other planes
94
CXR
chest x-rays
95
Pulmonary angiography
filming of the blood vessels in the lung after the injection of a contrast medium into the pulmonary artery
96
CT pulmonary angiography (CTPA)
combines CT scanning and angiography and is used to examine the pulmonary circulation to aid the diagnosis of *pulmonary embolism*
97
ventilation/perfusion scanning (VPS) / V/Q scan
injection or inhalation of radioactive material to study its distribution in the lung
98
Positron emission tomography (PET)
image the body’s cells with the use of a radioactive tracer, can show tumors
99
CT-PET fusion imaging
combines the anatomic detail of a CT scan with the molecular metabolic information of a PET scan
100
sputum culture
test to detect and identify bacteria or fungi that are infecting the lungs or breathing passages
101
Expectoration
clearing of sputum from the airway by coughing or spitting
102
Tuberculin tests
involve the introduction, by one of several methods, of a purified protein derivative (PPD) of the tubercle bacilli into skin
103
Mantoux skin test
intradermal injection
104
sweat test
reveal elevated levels of sodium and chloride when the cystic fibrosis is present
105
Pulmonary function tests (PFTs)
measure the ventilation mechanics of the lung
106
Pulse oximetry
measuring the oxygen saturation of arterial blood
107
spirometer
instrument that measures and records the volume of inhaled and exhaled air
108
Endotracheal intubation
placement of a tube (intubation) through the mouth into the pharynx, larynx, and trachea to establish an airway
109
laryngoscopy
lighted, flexible laryngoscope is passed from the mouth or nose into the throat to visualize the larynx
110
Bronchoscopy (bronch)
endoscopic examination of the bronchi with a fiberoptic or rigid endoscope
111
Cytology
collect cell samples for microscopic study
112
Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL)
bronchoscope is passed through the mouth or nose into the lung, and fluid is put into a small part of the lung and then recollected for examination
113
Bronchial brush cytology
small brush to collect the biopsy sample from the airways
114
Endobronchial ultrasound (EBUS)
imaging procedure performed during bronchoscopy
115
thoracentesis
insertion of a needle or catheter to puncture the pleural space to obtain pleural fluid for analysis, diagnose effusion
116
thoracotomy
surgical incision into the chest, allows lung biopsy
117
Mediastinoscopy
endoscope to examine the mediastinum visually through an incision, evaluate spread of disease
118
thorascopy
visual examination of the chest; it involves making small incisions in the chest and inserting an endoscope into the chest cavity
119
video-assisted thoracoscopy (VATS)
thoracoscope equipped with a camera magnifies the area of interest
120
PPD
purified protein derivatives
121
tracheostomy
insert a tube into a surgically created opening in the trachea
122
Tube thoracostomy
used to remove air (pneumothorax), fluid (pleural effusion), or pus (empyema) continuously from the chest
123
Magnetic resonance imaging
useful for detecting mediastinal tumors
124
DLCO
test measures the ability of gases to cross the alveolar-capillary membrane
125
crin/o
to secrete
126
aden/o
gland
127
-stasis
maintaining
128
home/o
stability
129
hormon/o
hormones
130
ster/o
solid structure
131
-oid
resembling or derived from
132
cortic/o
cortex
133
Protein hormones bind
with receptors on the plasma membrane
134
Steroid hormones pass
through the plasma membrane and bind with receptors inside the cell
135
pituitary/o
pituitary gland
136
-tropin
stimulating the function of
137
adenophyphosis
anterior lobe of pituitary
138
neurohypophysis
posterior lobe of pituitary, storage
139
prolactin (PRL) / lactogenic hormone
mammary glands and milk
pituitary
140
Thyrotropin / thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
stimulate thyroid
pituitary
141
adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
targets adrenal cortex
pituitary
142
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
stimulates the growth of the ova, or eggs, in the female and the growth of sperm in the male
pituitary
143
Luteinizing hormone (LH)
causes the secretion of the sex hormones
pituitary
144
antidiuretic hormone (ADH) / vasopressin
posterior pituitary
145
oxytocin (OT, OCT)
stimulates contractions and milk
posterior pituitary
146
thyr/o, thyroid/o
thyroid
147
eu-
normal
148
triiodothyronine (T3)
thyroid
149
tetraiodothyronine (T4) / thyroxine
increase body cell metabolism
thyroid
150
calcitonin
decrease the levels of blood calcium
thyroid
151
parathyroid/o
parathyroid glands
152
parathyroid hormone (PTH) / parathormone
stimulates the release of calcium from bone tissue to increase the level of calcium in the blood
parathyroid
153
thymosin
stimulates the development of the immune system and the production of lymphocytes
thymus
154
adrenal/o
adrenal
155
corticosteroids
glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids, and sex hormones
adrenal cortex
156
Mineralocorticoids
regulate the amount of salts (electrolytes) in the blood (aldosterone)
157
glucocorticoids
help maintain normal blood glucose (gluc/o) levels and normal blood pressure
ex: Cortisol / hydrocortisone
158
gonadocorticoids / sex hormones
secondary sex characteristics and are required for reproduction
159
catecholamines
epinephrine / adrenaline and norepinephrine
adrenal medulla
160
Insulin
helps glucose to be picked up by the body's cells, and it promotes the conversion of glucose to glycogen for storage in the liver, decrease blood sugar
pancreas beta cells
161
Glucagon
opposes insulin, increase blood sugar
pancreas alpha cells
162
-agon
assemble
163
estrogens
expression of female sexual characteristics and for maintaining the proper sequence in the female reproductive cycle
ovaries
164
Progesterone
prepares the uterine lining for pregnancy and maintains it during pregnancy
ovaries
165
Testosterone
maturation of secondary sex characteristics in the male
testis
166
acromegaly
chronic metabolic disorder that involves the gradual enlargement of the bones of the face, jaw, and extremities
tumor of the pituitary
167
-megaly
enlargement
168
acr/o
extremities
169
dwarfism
Hyposecretion of growth hormone
170
Panhypopituitarism
deficiency of all pituitary hormones
171
polydipsia
excessive thirst
172
Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH)
excessive secretion of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) from the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland, leading to abnormal retention of water
173
diabetes insipidus (DI)
insufficient levels of ADH, the kidney fails to reabsorb needed salts and water
174
Hypothyroidism
deficient activity of the thyroid gland
175
Cretinism
congenital condition associated with severe hypothyroidism
176
Myxedema
most severe form of hypothyroidism
experience swelling of the hands, face, and feet caused by the accumulation of a mucuslike substance under the skin
177
myx/o
mucus
178
goiter
Enlargement of the thyroid, low iodine causes low levels of triiodothyronine (T3) and tetraiodothyronine (T4)
179
thyrotoxicosis / Graves disease
abnormally high / toxic levels of thyroid activity
exophthalmos
180
Hyperparathyroidism
high levels of circulating PTH leads to an excessive amount of calcium in the bloodstream, or hypercalcemia
181
hypoparathyroidism
calcium remains in the bones and is unable to enter the bloodstream, hypocalcemia, leads to tetany (constant muscle contraction)
182
adrenal virilism
Excess secretion of the androgens by the inner layer of the adrenal cortex, manly characteristics in women (hirsutism)
183
viril/o
masculine
184
Cushing syndrome
Hypersecretion of cortisol, caused by excessive levels of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and glucocorticoids
185
Addison disease
all three categories of adrenal steroids—mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids, and androgens—are deficient
antibodies that destroy adrenal tissue
186
Pheochromocytoma
benign vascular tumor that causes hypersecretion of the hormones epinephrine and norepinephrine
187
hypoglycemia
Excess secretion of insulin lowers the blood glucose level
188
hyperinsulinism
Elevation in the amount of insulin, could be caused by tumor
189
diabetes mellitus (DM)
insulin not secreted as it should be, elevated glucose levels
190
ketoacidosis (DKA)
complication of DM, body burns ketoacids as energy due to lack of glucose
191
hyperglycemia
high levels of blood glucose
192
diabetic neuropathy
destruction of nerves in the extremities
193
diabetic retinopathy
blood vessels of the retina may be destroyed
194
gestational diabetes
develops during pregnancy
195
radioimmunoassay studies (RIA)
laboratory measure that assesses hormone levels in plasma
196
thyroid function tests (TFTs)
measure the levels of thyroid hormones (TSH) in the blood
197
thyroid scan
nuclear medicine technique used to visualize the shape, size, and position of the thyroid gland by passing a scanning device over the neck after a radioactive substance has been given to the patient
198
radioactive iodine uptake (RAIU) scan
give radioactive substance through iodine
199
exophthalmometry
measures the forward displacement of the eyes in the person with Graves disease
200
parathyroidectomy
tumor removed from parathyroid
201
adrenalectomy
removal of adrenal gland
202
hypophysectomy
removal of tumor from pituitary for Cushing disease
203
biphosphonate
Type of drug that is used to treat hyperparathyroidism, particularly to decrease hypercalcemia
204
Urine studies assess
presence of glucose, ketones, and urinary microalbumin
205
fasting blood sugar (FBS) test, also called fasting plasma glucose (FPG)
assesses blood glucose levels after an 8- to 10-hour period of fasting to diagnose diabetes
206
glycosylated hemoglobin test (HbA1c)
monitors long-term glucose control by measuring the percentage of red blood cells with glucose attached
207
glucose tolerance test (GTT)
used to diagnose both prediabetes and gestational diabetes
208
CGMS
continuous glucose monitoring system
209
A1c blood test
assess glucose control by measuring the levels of glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) in serum
high levels bad
210
Serum tests
include growth hormone, prolactin level, gonadotropin levels, and calcium
211
toc/o
birth
