Unit 5 Flashcards
1
Q
cardi/o, coron/o
A
heart
2
Q
vascul/o, angi/o, vas/o
A
blood vessels
3
Q
atri/o
A
atria
4
Q
ventricul/o
A
venticles
5
Q
valvul/o, valv/o
A
valves
6
Q
layers of heart
A
endocardium, myocardium, pericardium
7
Q
serous membrane layers
A
visceral pericardium, parietal pericardium
8
Q
hypertension
A
high blood pressure (130/80)
9
Q
arteri/o, arter/o
A
arteries
10
Q
arterioles
A
smaller arteries that carry blood to capillaries
11
Q
ven/o, ven/i, phleb/o
A
veins
12
Q
pulmon/o
A
lungs
13
Q
aort/o
A
aorta
14
Q
sphygmomanometer
A
measures blood pressure
15
Q
sphygm/o
A
pulse
16
Q
man/o
A
pressure
17
Q
steth/o
A
chest
18
Q
normal BP
A
120/80 mmhg
19
Q
Systole
A
contraction
20
Q
Diastole
A
heart relaxes in-between contractions
21
Q
lub
A
closure of tricuspid and bicuspid valve
22
Q
dub
A
closure of pulmonary and aortic valve
23
Q
resting pulse
A
60-100 bpm
24
Q
sin/o
A
sinus
25
path of electrical conduction
SA node, AV node, bundle of His, Purkinje fibers
26
arrhythmia / dysrhythmia
deviation from the normal rhythmic pattern of the heartbeat
27
ECG or EKG
electrocardiogram
28
tele/o
distant
29
telemetry
further heart monitoring
30
atrial flutter
a type of dysrhythmia characterized by rapid, but regular, contractions of the atria
31
Fibrillation
rapid, random, inefficient and unsynchronized contraction of heart chambers
32
atrial fibrillation (AF)
Electrical impulses randomly move throughout the atria, which causes the atria to quiver, common in older people
33
paroxysmal atrial fibrillation
episodes periodically occur
34
permanent atrial fibriliation
irregular heartbeats continue indefinitely
35
ventricular fibrillation (VF)
rapid contraction of the ventricles reflects a complete lack of organized electrical activity, dangerous
36
bradycardia
slow heartbeat
37
tachycardia
fast heartbeat
38
Premature atrial contractions (PACs)
occur earlier than expected in the heart's conduction sequence and originate outside of the sinoatrial (SA) node
39
premature ventricular contractions (PVCs)
an electrical impulse, arising from a place other than the SA node, causes the ventricles to contract before the normal time
40
Heart block / atrioventricular (AV) block
a failure of conduction from the SA node through the AV node to the AV bundle
41
cardiac arrest
sudden cessation of the heart's activity
42
myocardial infarction
heart attack
43
congenital heart disease
structural or functional abnormalities of the heart that are present from birth
44
Coarctation of the aorta
Congenital abnormality characterized by a narrowing of the aorta
45
patent ductus arteriosus (PDA)
oxygenated blood is allowed to flow from the aorta into the pulmonary artery through a small passageway or duct, the ductus arteriosus, which normally closes after birth
46
Septal defects
abnormal openings in the walls (septa) that separate the atria and ventricles
47
Tetralogy of Fallot
congenital malformation of the heart consisting of four distinct defects: stenosis, aperture, shifting of the aorta, hypertrophy of right ventricle
48
stenosis
constriction of the pulmonary artery
49
aperture
opening in the interventricular septum
50
cyanosis
bluish discoloration of the skin
51
anoxia
absence of oxygen
52
transposition of the great vessels
condition that occurs when the pulmonary artery arises from the left ventricle and the aorta from the right ventricle
53
Left ventricular hypertrophy
excessive development of the left ventricle, can result from hypertensive heart disease (HHD)
54
congestive heart failure (CHF)
heart is unable to pump the amount of blood needed to meet the body's metabolic needs
55
pulmonary edema
result of CHF
56
diastolic CHF
heart contracts normally but is unable to relax and fill with blood; consequently, fluid backs up in the lungs and other parts of the body (peripheral edema)
57
Cardiogenic shock
circulatory failure that deprives the body access to adequate oxygen and nutrition
58
patent
open
59
Pericarditis
inflammation of the pericardium
60
cardiac tamponade
compression of the heart caused by buildup of pericardial fluid
61
bacterial endocarditis
inflammation of the inner lining of the heart that occurs when microorganisms infect the endocardial surface
62
emboli (am-bowl-lie)
material that circulates in the bloodstream
63
petechiae
pinpoint hemorrhages
64
Rheumatic heart disease
damage caused to the heart muscle and heart valves by rheumatic fever
65
rheumatic fever
inflammatory disease that involves all of the layers of the heart and caused by an untreated streptococcal infection of the upper respiratory tract, leads to stricture
66
mitral valve prolapse (MVP)
when the flaps of the mitral valve become enlarged and protrude into the left atrium during systole
67
heart murmur
abnormal, prolonged swishing sound (or bruit) heard between normal beats, caused by the defective valve
68
mitral valvulitis
inflamed valve
69
acute coronary syndrome (ACS)
any group of symptoms that are the result of coronary artery obstruction
70
stable angina
which develops during exertion and resolves at rest
71
unstable angina
suddenly occurs, often at rest or with minimal exertion
72
Angina pectoris
chest pain attributable to ischemia (a lack of blood and thus a lack of oxygen supply and waste removal) of the heart muscle
73
Coronary artery disease (CAD)
primary cause of angina, and atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries is usually the cause of CAD
74
Atherosclerosis
formation of fatty plaque deposits along the inner lining of the coronary arteries
75
ather/o
plaque
76
arteriosclerosis
hardening, thickening, or loss of arterial wall elasticity
77
thrombotic occlusion
the blocking of a coronary artery by a blood clot
78
ischemia
blood flow is decreased
79
necrosis
tissue death
80
hypotension
low blood pressure
81
Essential hypertension
no cause but associated with obesity, a sedentary lifestyle, increased sodium intake, smoking, hypercholesterolemia, and a family history
82
Secondary hypertension
high blood pressure that is a consequence of another condition, such as renal disease, endocrine disorders, or neurologic disorders
83
aneurysm
dilation, or ballooning of a weakened portion of an arterial wall
84
aneurysm/o
widened blood vessel
85
Peripheral arterial disease (PAD) / peripheral arterial occlusion
progressive narrowing and eventual blockage of arteries carrying blood to the legs, arms, kidneys, and other organs
86
intermittent claudication
cramplike pain in the calf muscles caused by exercise and relieved by rest
87
Raynaud disease
intermittent attacks of ischemia that cause constriction and vasospasm in the arterioles in the fingers and toes
88
Varicose veins (varicosities)
swollen and twisted veins, can be caused by inadequate venous valves and backflow
89
hemorrhoid
varicose vein near the anus
90
Vasoconstriction
tightening or narrowing (constriction) of a blood vessel
91
Phlebitis
inflammation of a vein
92
Thrombophlebitis
inflammation of a vein related to a thrombus, or blood clot
93
deep vein thrombosis
blood clot, or thrombus, is formed in a large vein
94
pulmonary embolism (PE)
clot traveled to lungs
95
palpitations
uncomfortable sensations in the chest related to cardiac arrhythmias that make you aware of your heartbeat
96
Holter monitor
portable electrocardiographic device that can be worn to provide an extended recording of the heart's electrical activity
97
Exercise tolerance testing / cardiac stress testing / stress test
diagnostic method used to assess the heart's response to exercise using a treadmill
98
cardiac catheterization (cath)
guiding a flexible catheter via a vein or artery into the heart to detect blood flow and pressure, diagnosis of congenital heart disease
99
Angiography
Injecting radiopaque dye to obtain x-ray visualization of the heart and large blood vessels, diagnosis of congenital heart disease
100
echocardiography (ECHO)
the use of high-frequency sound waves to show the structure and movement of the heart
101
Electrocardiography, cardiac catheterization, and echocardiography (ECHO)
used to diagnose congestive heart failure (CHF)
102
serum lipid tests
screen for risk factors such as high cholesterol, used to diagnose coronary artery disease
103
cardiac biomarkers
chemicals released into the bloodstream by damaged heart muscle, evidence of infarction / heart attack
104
thallium-201 scan and technetium-99m sestamibi scan
assess coronary blood flow and myocardial viability
105
thallium studies
show heart muscle viability by displaying infarcted or scarred myocardium as cold spots
106
technetium-99m sestamibi scan
radioactive tracer compound is intravenously injected and then taken up in the area near and around a myocardial infarction to define areas of poor blood flow in the heart muscle
107
Positron emission tomography (PET) and single–photon emission computed tomography (SPECT)
used to identify areas of ischemia and infarction (myocardial function)
108
digital subtraction angiography (DSA)
video equipment and a computer to produce radiographic images of the blood vessels, second image taken to create contrast
109
lipoprotein electrophoresis
lipoproteins are physically separated in a blood sample, high levels of LDL associated with atherosclerosis
110
angiography and Doppler ultrasound
used to diagnose peripheral arterial disease (PAD)
111
Doppler ultrasound
uses sound waves focused to bounce off red blood cells in the vessels
112
Duplex ultrasound
A combination of Doppler and conventional ultrasound, allows the physician to see the speed of blood flow while simultaneously imaging the structure of the blood vessels
113
Antidysrhythmic medications, such as beta-blockers, calcium channel blockers, and digoxin
can convert fibrillation to a normal sinus rhythm
114
direct oral anticoagulant (DOAC)
prevent stroke
115
defibrillation / cardioversion
application of an electrical shock, through the chest wall, to the myocardium, which effectively and briefly stops activity so that a normal rhythm can then take over
116
implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD)
for patients at high risk for ventricular tachycardia, ventricular fibrillation, or cardiac arrest
116
cardiac pacemaker
restore normal rhythm in the instance of heart block
116
biventricular pacemaker
enables the ventricles to beat in synchrony to help more blood move through the heart
117
radiofrequency catheter ablation (RFA)
delivers radiofrequency energy to destroy tissue that causes arrhythmias
118
heart transplantation
surgical removal of a donor heart and the transfer of the organ to a recipient for CHF
119
extracorporeal circulation or extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO)
a heart-lung machine is used to divert blood from the heart and lungs to be artificially oxygenated outside of the body and then returned to an artery
120
Pericardiocentesis
puncture and remove the fluid from the sac surrounding the heart
121
valvuloplasty
valve repair
122
valvotomy
surgical opening of collapsed valve
123
mitral commissurotomy
mitral valve is divided at the juncture of its cusps to treat stenosis
124
Transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR)
placement of a balloon-expandable aortic heart valve into the body via a catheter, treat aortic stenosis and mitral stenosis
125
Percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI)
balloon-tipped catheter and a meshlike device called a stent are threaded into a coronary artery to dilate the clogged vessel, treats CAD
126
sublingual nitroglycerin
treats angina, vasodilator, lowers BP
127
statins
drug to help reduce cholesterol
128
coronary artery bypass graft (CABG)
a blood vessel is grafted onto one of the coronary arteries to bypass the area of occlusion
129
aneurysmectomy
surgical excision of the aneurysm
130
angioplasty, atherectomy, and embolic protection devices
treatment for peripheral arterial disease (PAD)
131
endarterectomy
removal of fatty deposits from the innermost arterial lining, treatment for peripheral vascular disease (PVD)
132
Thrombolytic therapy
use of pharmacologic agents (drugs) to break up or dissolve blood clots, treatment for peripheral vascular disease (PVD)
133
Sclerotherapy
injection of a solution that scars and closes the varicose veins
134
catheter-assisted procedures
heat destroys the varicose vein by causing it to collapse and seal shut
135
ligation and stripping procedure
distended vein is tied off (ligated) and removed
136
Electron beam computed tomography
combination of electron beams and computed tomography, can identify calcium deposits in and around coronary arteries
137
hematopoiesis
Hematopoietic stem cells are cells in the bone marrow that give rise to all types of red blood cells
138
-poiesis
formation
139
erythropoietin (EPO)
protein kidney secretes to form RBC
140
hemoglobin/o
Hemoglobin
141
hemoglobin
transports gases, helps maintain pH balance and gives the blood its red color
142
anemia
loss of the number of red blood cells
143
two categories for WBC
polymorphonuclear granulocytes and mononuclear leukocytes
144
granulocytes types
Neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils
145
mononuclear leukocytes types
Monocytes and lymphocytes
146
bas/o
basic/alkaline
147
Basophils
respond to allergens by releasing heparin and histamine
148
eosin/o
stain red
149
Eosinophils
defend against parasitic infections and become phagocytes in allergic reactions
150
neutrophils
turn into phagocytes that engulf and eat harmful bacteria
151
myel/o
bone marrow
152
neutr/o
neutral
153
Myeloblasts
immature bone marrow cells, give rise to granulocytes
154
Colony-stimulating factors (CSFs)
proteins that stimulate the production of granulocytes
155
lymphocytes
mediate the body's immune response, either by directly attacking infectious agents or by producing special proteins (immunoglobulins) called antibodies
156
types of lymphocytes
T cells and B cells
157
macrophages
destroy worn out red blood cells, large monocytes.
158
destroying red blood cells
broken down into their component parts of heme and protein, and heme is further broken down into iron and the pigment bilirubin
159
megakaryocytes
large platelet precursor cells within the bone marrow
160
-globulin
proteins
161
globulins
serve as defense mechanisms of the immune system
162
immunoglobulins (Ig)
protect the body from antigens
163
fibrinogen and prothrombin
plasma proteins essential to clot formation
164
Albumin
maintain the proper balance of water between the capillaries and the tissues
165
coagulation
clotting process
166
coagul/o
clotting
167
Hemostasis
termination of bleeding
168
-stasis
hemostasis
169
Serum
liquid minus cells and clotting elements
170
heparin
help blood preserve its fluid state, in basophils
171
antibodies
protein substances stimulated by the presence of antigens
172
dyscrasias
abnormal conditions of the blood or
bone marrow
173
poikil/o
irregular
174
poikilocytosis
irregularly shaped blood cells form
175
hypochromic
lacking in color
176
microcytic
smaller cells than normal
177
Hypochromic anemia
decreased concentration of hemoglobin in the red blood cells
178
iron-deficiency anemia, sideropenia
insufficient iron in the blood to synthesize hemoglobin
179
sider/o
iron
180
Thalassemia (extreme case Cooley anemia)
inherited defect in the ability to produce hemoglobin (Mediterranean background)
181
Pernicious anemia
large, immature megaloblasts circulate in the blood, inability of the body to absorb vitamin B12 properly into the bloodstream as a result of a lack of intrinsic factor (IF)
182
Aplastic anemia
failure of the bone marrow to produce any type of blood cell
183
pancytopenia
deficiency in all types of cells
184
Hemolytic anemia
red blood cells are destroyed at a rate faster than the bone marrow can replace them
185
spherocytic anemia
altered round shape of these red blood cells makes them fragile and more likely to be destroyed
186
Acquired hemolytic anemia
caused by an autoimmune disorder in which antibodies develop and attack antigens on the red blood cell membrane, jaundice can occur
187
Sickle cell anemia
genetic disorder characterized by hemolysis and the production of abnormally shaped erythrocytes by abnormal hemoglobin, hemoglobin S (HbS), cannot pass through small blood vessels
188
Sickle cell crisis
sickle cells begin to block capillaries, can't get oxygen to tissues
189
Hemochromatosis
excessive amounts of iron are deposited throughout the body
190
polycythemia
significant increase in the numbers of RBCs
191
disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)
abnoraml amounts of clotting lead to reduction in blood clotting factors
192
Hemophilia
deficiency in one of the factors necessary for the blood to clot
193
Leukemia
general term that refers to a variety of malignant white blood cell diseases
194
Acute leukemia
sudden onset, a rapid progression, and large numbers of undifferentiated, immature leukocytes in the blood
195
acute myeloid leukemia (AML)
significant increase in the number of immature granulocytes
196
Acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL)
rapid increase of immature lymphocyte
197
Chronic myeloid leukemia
presence of excessive numbers of immature and mature granulocytes in the bone marrow and bloodstream
198
chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL)
small lymphocytes proliferate in the bone marrow, blood, liver, and lymphoid organs
199
Granulocytosis
the number of granulocytes is abnormally high
200
Basophilia
overgrowth occurs in the number of immature basophilic leukocytes in the blood
201
-philia
attraction for / overgrowth
202
-penia
deficiency
203
neutropenia
deficiency of neutrophils
204
eosinophilia
abnormal inflation in the number of eosinophils that accompany allergic conditions
205
-philia
inflation
206
mononucleosis
an acute infection caused by the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), overgrowth of moncytes
207
multiple myeloma
cancerous plasma cells invade the bone marrow and destroy bone tissue
208
thrombocytopenia
deficiency in the number of platelets
209
autoimmune thrombocytopenic purpura
patient generates an antiplatelet antibody
210
purpura
multiple pinpoint hemorrhages
211
ecchymoses
bruise
212
polycythemia vera
abnormal increase in the number of red blood cells
213
red blood cell (RBC) count
measure of the number of erythrocytes per cubic millimeter
214
Mean corpuscular volume (MCV)
average volume of RBC
215
erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR or sed rate)
speed with which the erythrocytes fall down out of the plasma
216
hematocrit (Hct) value
percentage of RBC present
217
hemoglobin (Hb, Hgb) test
measures total amount of hemoglobin
can show mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) and mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH)
218
complete blood count (CBC)
calculating the number of each type of blood cell, hemoglobin, and hematocrit, as well as other red blood cell values, in a blood sample to diagnose sickle cell anemia
219
red blood cell morphology
study shape of cells
220
electrophoresis
electric current to separate immunoglobulins from other plasma proteins and identifies the abnormal hemoglobin
221
white blood cell count
calculates the number of leukocytes per cubic millimeter or microliter of blood
222
white blood cell differential
percentage of different types of leukocytes in the blood
223
coagulation time
time required for venous blood to clot in a test tube
224
Partial thromboplastin time (PTT)
a test that assesses defects in the coagulation pathway
225
prothrombin time (PT)
a measure of blood clotting ability excluding factor VIII
226
antiglobulin test (Coombs test)
determines the presence of antibodies in infants of Rh-negative women or in patients with autoimmune hemolytic anemia, given before blood transfusion
227
Bone marrow biopsy (bx)
obtaining a core of bone marrow from the bone cavity with a needle
228
Bone marrow aspiration
uses suction produced by a syringe to collect the sample
229
bone marrow transplant
the infusion of healthy bone marrow
230
palliative
stop disease progression to treat multiple myeloma
231
Autologous bone marrow transplantation (ABMT)
patients serve as his or her own donor for stem cells, may lead to prolonged remission
232
transfusion
process of introducing whole blood or blood components into a recipient's bloodstream
233
apheresis
separation of blood components by spinning them at high speeds in a centrifuge
234
Plateletpheresis
uses only the platelets
235
plasmapheresis
removes only the plasma
236
-pheresis
removal
237
packed cells
preparation of red blood cells separated from liquid plasma, restoration of hemoglobin and RBCs without contributing excess fluid to the patient's blood
238
splenectomy
primary treatment modalities in cases of severe thrombocytopenia.
239
Phlebotomy
act of drawing or removing blood, treatment of polycythemia
240
Bone marrow transplantation (BMT)
standard treatment for leukemias
241
autologous bone marrow transplant (ABMT)
harvesting of one's own healthy bone marrow, which is then stored for reintroduction later
242
hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HST)
hematopoietic stem cell to create new RBC, peripheral stem cells from a donor are administered to a recipient
243
Absolute neutrophil count (ANC)
detects neutropenia
244
-phoresis
carrying
245
Which blood type contains no antibodies
AB
246
Allergic rhinitis (hay fever)
inflammatory response that causes a runny nose, sneezing, and other symptoms related to the nose
247
rhin/o
nose
248
allergy
response of the immune system to a harmless substance
249
immun/o
protect
250
lymph/o
lymph
251
lymphaden/o
lymph nodes
252
where does the lymphatic system absorb fat?
small intestine
253
adenoids
pharyngeal tonsils
254
tonsils function
first line of defense
255
thym/o
thymus
256
thymus
contains lymphoid cells, produces T cells where they learn tolerance
257
Natural immunity
present at birth
258
Natural killer (NK) cells
nonspecifically attacks tumor cells and virally infected cells
259
Adaptive immunity
body's ability to recognize and remember specific antigens in an immune response, T and B cells used
260
tox/o
poisin
261
Humoral immunity
B cells produce antibodies after exposure to specific antigens, turn into plasma cell, antibodies produced by plasma cells are called immunoglobulins
262
Cell-mediated immunity
involves several different types of T cells with different functions
263
complement system
group of proteins that helps antibodies kill their targe
264
Dendritic cells
show T and B cells what to attack
265
Interferon and interleukins are examples of
cytokines
266
Suppressor T cells
control B cell and T cell activity and stop the immune response when an antigen has been destroyed. T cells act directly on antigens to destroy them or produce toxins to kill them
267
Hypersensitivity reactions
when immune system's response to allergen is excessive
268
anaphylaxis
life-threatening response that occurs throughout the body
269
Atopy
genetic predisposition to develop sensitivity to environmental allergens
ex: asthma, urticaria (or hives), and atopic dermatitis
270
immunodeficiency
inadequate response
271
autoimmune disorders
body’s immune system mounts an attack on healthy cells
272
isoimmunity
normal but undesirable immune system reaction, body rejects transplant
273
is/o
equal
274
acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)
epidemic retroviral immune disease caused by infection with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
275
severe combined immunodeficiency disease (SCID)
deficiency of both T cells and B cells is present, variation of AIDS present at birth
276
human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
copies itself with RNA, destroys cell-mediated immunity destroying T cells
277
pneumonitis (lymphoid interstitial pneumonitis)
inflammation of the lung
278
thymoma
tumor of the thymus gland, associated with myasthenia gravis (MG)
279
Multiple myeloma
abnormal increase of activated B cells, or plasma cells, too many immunoglobins destroy bone tissue
280
Waldenström macroglobulinemia
tumor of malignant B cells that produce too much IgM, blood flow is slow
281
Lymphomas
malignant neoplasms of the lymph nodes
282
Hodgkin lymphoma
tumor of lymphoid tissue in the spleen and lymph nodes, unknown origin
283
non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL)
group of malignant tumors that involve lymphoid tissue, two types
284
opportunistic infections
Infectious diseases associated with AIDS because AIDS weakens immune system
285
histoplasmosis
fungal infection
286
Lymphadenopathy
disease of the lymph nodes. common with AIDS
287
lymphedema
accumulation of lymph in soft tissue and resultant swelling
288
cryptosporidiosis ("Crypto")
parasitic infection of the gastrointestinal tract
289
Kaposi sarcoma (KS)
neoplastic disorder characterized by dark purplish skin lesion
290
toxoplasmosis
parasitic infection
291
RT is the abbreviation for
Reverse transcriptase
292
viral load test
measures the amount of AIDS virus (HIV) is in the bloodstream
293
CD4+ cell count
measures the number of CD4+ T cells (helper cells) in the bloodstream
294
enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)
detecting a variety of antigens or antibodies, diagnosis of HIV infections
295
Western blot test
checks for anti-HIV antibodies, confirms HIV
296
immunoelectrophoresis
a test that detects and differentiates abnormal levels of specific antibodies by separating immunoglobulins, diagnosis abnormal B cells
297
Blood studies, radiography, lymph node biopsy, computed x-ray imaging (CT scan),
diagnosis of lymphoma
298
lactate dehydrogenase (LDH)
measures tissue damage by LDH in certain disease states
299
identification of the malignant Reed Sternberg cell
diagnosis of Hodgkin lymphoma
300
Immunotherapy
use of immune cells, antibodies, or vaccines to treat disease, used to treat cancer
301
chimeric antigen receptor T cell (CAR T) therapy
T cells are extracted from the patient's blood, modified to attack cancer
302
Monoclonal antibodies (MoAb)
created in a laboratory with cloning techniques and are designed to attack specific cancer cells
303
reverse transcriptase inhibitors (RTIs) and viral protease inhibitors
treat HIV
304
protease inhibitors
inhibits the enzyme protease from helping spread the AIDS virus throughout the body
305
highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART)
use of combinations of drugs that are effective against AIDS
306
cytokine vaccine
cancer treatment enhances the immune response
307
Two viral load tests that measure the amount of AIDS virus in the bloodstream are
PCR; NASBA
308
pulse
The force of the blood being ejected from the heart causes a regular expansion and contraction of the arterial walls
309
cytokines
chemical messengers secreted by T cells that aid cells to kill antigens
