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A HEIM 230 > Unit 5 > Flashcards

Unit 5 Flashcards

1
Q

cardi/o, coron/o

A

heart

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2
Q

vascul/o, angi/o, vas/o

A

blood vessels

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3
Q

atri/o

A

atria

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4
Q

ventricul/o

A

venticles

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5
Q

valvul/o, valv/o

A

valves

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6
Q

layers of heart

A

endocardium, myocardium, pericardium

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7
Q

serous membrane layers

A

visceral pericardium, parietal pericardium

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8
Q

hypertension

A

high blood pressure (130/80)

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9
Q

arteri/o, arter/o

A

arteries

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10
Q

arterioles

A

smaller arteries that carry blood to capillaries

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11
Q

ven/o, ven/i, phleb/o

A

veins

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12
Q

pulmon/o

A

lungs

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13
Q

aort/o

A

aorta

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14
Q

sphygmomanometer

A

measures blood pressure

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15
Q

sphygm/o

A

pulse

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16
Q

man/o

A

pressure

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17
Q

steth/o

A

chest

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18
Q

normal BP

A

120/80 mmhg

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19
Q

Systole

A

contraction

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20
Q

Diastole

A

heart relaxes in-between contractions

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21
Q

lub

A

closure of tricuspid and bicuspid valve

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22
Q

dub

A

closure of pulmonary and aortic valve

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23
Q

resting pulse

A

60-100 bpm

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24
Q

sin/o

A

sinus

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25
Q

path of electrical conduction

A

SA node, AV node, bundle of His, Purkinje fibers

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26
Q

arrhythmia / dysrhythmia

A

deviation from the normal rhythmic pattern of the heartbeat

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27
Q

ECG or EKG

A

electrocardiogram

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28
Q

tele/o

A

distant

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29
Q

telemetry

A

further heart monitoring

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30
Q

atrial flutter

A

a type of dysrhythmia characterized by rapid, but regular, contractions of the atria

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31
Q

Fibrillation

A

rapid, random, inefficient and unsynchronized contraction of heart chambers

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32
Q

atrial fibrillation (AF)

A

Electrical impulses randomly move throughout the atria, which causes the atria to quiver, common in older people

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33
Q

paroxysmal atrial fibrillation

A

episodes periodically occur

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34
Q

permanent atrial fibriliation

A

irregular heartbeats continue indefinitely

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35
Q

ventricular fibrillation (VF)

A

rapid contraction of the ventricles reflects a complete lack of organized electrical activity, dangerous

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36
Q

bradycardia

A

slow heartbeat

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37
Q

tachycardia

A

fast heartbeat

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38
Q

Premature atrial contractions (PACs)

A

occur earlier than expected in the heart’s conduction sequence and originate outside of the sinoatrial (SA) node

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39
Q

premature ventricular contractions (PVCs)

A

an electrical impulse, arising from a place other than the SA node, causes the ventricles to contract before the normal time

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40
Q

Heart block / atrioventricular (AV) block

A

a failure of conduction from the SA node through the AV node to the AV bundle

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41
Q

cardiac arrest

A

sudden cessation of the heart’s activity

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42
Q

myocardial infarction

A

heart attack

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43
Q

congenital heart disease

A

structural or functional abnormalities of the heart that are present from birth

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44
Q

Coarctation of the aorta

A

Congenital abnormality characterized by a narrowing of the aorta

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45
Q

patent ductus arteriosus (PDA)

A

oxygenated blood is allowed to flow from the aorta into the pulmonary artery through a small passageway or duct, the ductus arteriosus, which normally closes after birth

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46
Q

Septal defects

A

abnormal openings in the walls (septa) that separate the atria and ventricles

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47
Q

Tetralogy of Fallot

A

congenital malformation of the heart consisting of four distinct defects: stenosis, aperture, shifting of the aorta, hypertrophy of right ventricle

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48
Q

stenosis

A

constriction of the pulmonary artery

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49
Q

aperture

A

opening in the interventricular septum

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50
Q

cyanosis

A

bluish discoloration of the skin

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51
Q

anoxia

A

absence of oxygen

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52
Q

transposition of the great vessels

A

condition that occurs when the pulmonary artery arises from the left ventricle and the aorta from the right ventricle

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53
Q

Left ventricular hypertrophy

A

excessive development of the left ventricle, can result from hypertensive heart disease (HHD)

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54
Q

congestive heart failure (CHF)

A

heart is unable to pump the amount of blood needed to meet the body’s metabolic needs

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55
Q

pulmonary edema

A

result of CHF

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56
Q

diastolic CHF

A

heart contracts normally but is unable to relax and fill with blood; consequently, fluid backs up in the lungs and other parts of the body (peripheral edema)

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57
Q

Cardiogenic shock

A

circulatory failure that deprives the body access to adequate oxygen and nutrition

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58
Q

patent

A

open

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59
Q

Pericarditis

A

inflammation of the pericardium

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60
Q

cardiac tamponade

A

compression of the heart caused by buildup of pericardial fluid

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61
Q

bacterial endocarditis

A

inflammation of the inner lining of the heart that occurs when microorganisms infect the endocardial surface

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62
Q

emboli (am-bowl-lie)

A

material that circulates in the bloodstream

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63
Q

petechiae

A

pinpoint hemorrhages

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64
Q

Rheumatic heart disease

A

damage caused to the heart muscle and heart valves by rheumatic fever

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65
Q

rheumatic fever

A

inflammatory disease that involves all of the layers of the heart and caused by an untreated streptococcal infection of the upper respiratory tract, leads to stricture

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66
Q

mitral valve prolapse (MVP)

A

when the flaps of the mitral valve become enlarged and protrude into the left atrium during systole

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67
Q

heart murmur

A

abnormal, prolonged swishing sound (or bruit) heard between normal beats, caused by the defective valve

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68
Q

mitral valvulitis

A

inflamed valve

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69
Q

acute coronary syndrome (ACS)

A

any group of symptoms that are the result of coronary artery obstruction

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70
Q

stable angina

A

which develops during exertion and resolves at rest

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71
Q

unstable angina

A

suddenly occurs, often at rest or with minimal exertion

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72
Q

Angina pectoris

A

chest pain attributable to ischemia (a lack of blood and thus a lack of oxygen supply and waste removal) of the heart muscle

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73
Q

Coronary artery disease (CAD)

A

primary cause of angina, and atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries is usually the cause of CAD

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74
Q

Atherosclerosis

A

formation of fatty plaque deposits along the inner lining of the coronary arteries

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75
Q

ather/o

A

plaque

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76
Q

arteriosclerosis

A

hardening, thickening, or loss of arterial wall elasticity

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77
Q

thrombotic occlusion

A

the blocking of a coronary artery by a blood clot

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78
Q

ischemia

A

blood flow is decreased

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79
Q

necrosis

A

tissue death

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80
Q

hypotension

A

low blood pressure

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81
Q

Essential hypertension

A

no cause but associated with obesity, a sedentary lifestyle, increased sodium intake, smoking, hypercholesterolemia, and a family history

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82
Q

Secondary hypertension

A

high blood pressure that is a consequence of another condition, such as renal disease, endocrine disorders, or neurologic disorders

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83
Q

aneurysm

A

dilation, or ballooning of a weakened portion of an arterial wall

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84
Q

aneurysm/o

A

widened blood vessel

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85
Q

Peripheral arterial disease (PAD) / peripheral arterial occlusion

A

progressive narrowing and eventual blockage of arteries carrying blood to the legs, arms, kidneys, and other organs

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86
Q

intermittent claudication

A

cramplike pain in the calf muscles caused by exercise and relieved by rest

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87
Q

Raynaud disease

A

intermittent attacks of ischemia that cause constriction and vasospasm in the arterioles in the fingers and toes

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88
Q

Varicose veins (varicosities)

A

swollen and twisted veins, can be caused by inadequate venous valves and backflow

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89
Q

hemorrhoid

A

varicose vein near the anus

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90
Q

Vasoconstriction

A

tightening or narrowing (constriction) of a blood vessel

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91
Q

Phlebitis

A

inflammation of a vein

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92
Q

Thrombophlebitis

A

inflammation of a vein related to a thrombus, or blood clot

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93
Q

deep vein thrombosis

A

blood clot, or thrombus, is formed in a large vein

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94
Q

pulmonary embolism (PE)

A

clot traveled to lungs

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95
Q

palpitations

A

uncomfortable sensations in the chest related to cardiac arrhythmias that make you aware of your heartbeat

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96
Q

Holter monitor

A

portable electrocardiographic device that can be worn to provide an extended recording of the heart’s electrical activity

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97
Q

Exercise tolerance testing / cardiac stress testing / stress test

A

diagnostic method used to assess the heart’s response to exercise using a treadmill

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98
Q

cardiac catheterization (cath)

A

guiding a flexible catheter via a vein or artery into the heart to detect blood flow and pressure, diagnosis of congenital heart disease

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99
Q

Angiography

A

Injecting radiopaque dye to obtain x-ray visualization of the heart and large blood vessels, diagnosis of congenital heart disease

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100
Q

echocardiography (ECHO)

A

the use of high-frequency sound waves to show the structure and movement of the heart

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101
Q

Electrocardiography, cardiac catheterization, and echocardiography (ECHO)

A

used to diagnose congestive heart failure (CHF)

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102
Q

serum lipid tests

A

screen for risk factors such as high cholesterol, used to diagnose coronary artery disease

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103
Q

cardiac biomarkers

A

chemicals released into the bloodstream by damaged heart muscle, evidence of infarction / heart attack

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104
Q

thallium-201 scan and technetium-99m sestamibi scan

A

assess coronary blood flow and myocardial viability

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105
Q

thallium studies

A

show heart muscle viability by displaying infarcted or scarred myocardium as cold spots

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106
Q

technetium-99m sestamibi scan

A

radioactive tracer compound is intravenously injected and then taken up in the area near and around a myocardial infarction to define areas of poor blood flow in the heart muscle

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107
Q

Positron emission tomography (PET) and single–photon emission computed tomography (SPECT)

A

used to identify areas of ischemia and infarction (myocardial function)

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108
Q

digital subtraction angiography (DSA)

A

video equipment and a computer to produce radiographic images of the blood vessels, second image taken to create contrast

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109
Q

lipoprotein electrophoresis

A

lipoproteins are physically separated in a blood sample, high levels of LDL associated with atherosclerosis

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110
Q

angiography and Doppler ultrasound

A

used to diagnose peripheral arterial disease (PAD)

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111
Q

Doppler ultrasound

A

uses sound waves focused to bounce off red blood cells in the vessels

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112
Q

Duplex ultrasound

A

A combination of Doppler and conventional ultrasound, allows the physician to see the speed of blood flow while simultaneously imaging the structure of the blood vessels

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113
Q

Antidysrhythmic medications, such as beta-blockers, calcium channel blockers, and digoxin

A

can convert fibrillation to a normal sinus rhythm

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114
Q

direct oral anticoagulant (DOAC)

A

prevent stroke

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115
Q

defibrillation / cardioversion

A

application of an electrical shock, through the chest wall, to the myocardium, which effectively and briefly stops activity so that a normal rhythm can then take over

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116
Q

implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD)

A

for patients at high risk for ventricular tachycardia, ventricular fibrillation, or cardiac arrest

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116
Q

cardiac pacemaker

A

restore normal rhythm in the instance of heart block

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116
Q

biventricular pacemaker

A

enables the ventricles to beat in synchrony to help more blood move through the heart

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117
Q

radiofrequency catheter ablation (RFA)

A

delivers radiofrequency energy to destroy tissue that causes arrhythmias

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118
Q

heart transplantation

A

surgical removal of a donor heart and the transfer of the organ to a recipient for CHF

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119
Q

extracorporeal circulation or extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO)

A

a heart-lung machine is used to divert blood from the heart and lungs to be artificially oxygenated outside of the body and then returned to an artery

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120
Q

Pericardiocentesis

A

puncture and remove the fluid from the sac surrounding the heart

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121
Q

valvuloplasty

A

valve repair

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122
Q

valvotomy

A

surgical opening of collapsed valve

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123
Q

mitral commissurotomy

A

mitral valve is divided at the juncture of its cusps to treat stenosis

124
Q

Transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR)

A

placement of a balloon-expandable aortic heart valve into the body via a catheter, treat aortic stenosis and mitral stenosis

125
Q

Percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI)

A

balloon-tipped catheter and a meshlike device called a stent are threaded into a coronary artery to dilate the clogged vessel, treats CAD

126
Q

sublingual nitroglycerin

A

treats angina, vasodilator, lowers BP

127
Q

statins

A

drug to help reduce cholesterol

128
Q

coronary artery bypass graft (CABG)

A

a blood vessel is grafted onto one of the coronary arteries to bypass the area of occlusion

129
Q

aneurysmectomy

A

surgical excision of the aneurysm

130
Q

angioplasty, atherectomy, and embolic protection devices

A

treatment for peripheral arterial disease (PAD)

131
Q

endarterectomy

A

removal of fatty deposits from the innermost arterial lining, treatment for peripheral vascular disease (PVD)

132
Q

Thrombolytic therapy

A

use of pharmacologic agents (drugs) to break up or dissolve blood clots, treatment for peripheral vascular disease (PVD)

133
Q

Sclerotherapy

A

injection of a solution that scars and closes the varicose veins

134
Q

catheter-assisted procedures

A

heat destroys the varicose vein by causing it to collapse and seal shut

135
Q

ligation and stripping procedure

A

distended vein is tied off (ligated) and removed

136
Q

Electron beam computed tomography

A

combination of electron beams and computed tomography, can identify calcium deposits in and around coronary arteries

137
Q

hematopoiesis

A

Hematopoietic stem cells are cells in the bone marrow that give rise to all types of red blood cells

138
Q

-poiesis

A

formation

139
Q

erythropoietin (EPO)

A

protein kidney secretes to form RBC

140
Q

hemoglobin/o

A

Hemoglobin

141
Q

hemoglobin

A

transports gases, helps maintain pH balance and gives the blood its red color

142
Q

anemia

A

loss of the number of red blood cells

143
Q

two categories for WBC

A

polymorphonuclear granulocytes and mononuclear leukocytes

144
Q

granulocytes types

A

Neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils

145
Q

mononuclear leukocytes types

A

Monocytes and lymphocytes

146
Q

bas/o

A

basic/alkaline

147
Q

Basophils

A

respond to allergens by releasing heparin and histamine

148
Q

eosin/o

A

stain red

149
Q

Eosinophils

A

defend against parasitic infections and become phagocytes in allergic reactions

150
Q

neutrophils

A

turn into phagocytes that engulf and eat harmful bacteria

151
Q

myel/o

A

bone marrow

152
Q

neutr/o

A

neutral

153
Q

Myeloblasts

A

immature bone marrow cells, give rise to granulocytes

154
Q

Colony-stimulating factors (CSFs)

A

proteins that stimulate the production of granulocytes

155
Q

lymphocytes

A

mediate the body’s immune response, either by directly attacking infectious agents or by producing special proteins (immunoglobulins) called antibodies

156
Q

types of lymphocytes

A

T cells and B cells

157
Q

macrophages

A

destroy worn out red blood cells, large monocytes.

158
Q

destroying red blood cells

A

broken down into their component parts of heme and protein, and heme is further broken down into iron and the pigment bilirubin

159
Q

megakaryocytes

A

large platelet precursor cells within the bone marrow

160
Q

-globulin

A

proteins

161
Q

globulins

A

serve as defense mechanisms of the immune system

162
Q

immunoglobulins (Ig)

A

protect the body from antigens

163
Q

fibrinogen and prothrombin

A

plasma proteins essential to clot formation

164
Q

Albumin

A

maintain the proper balance of water between the capillaries and the tissues

165
Q

coagulation

A

clotting process

166
Q

coagul/o

A

clotting

167
Q

Hemostasis

A

termination of bleeding

168
Q

-stasis

A

hemostasis

169
Q

Serum

A

liquid minus cells and clotting elements

170
Q

heparin

A

help blood preserve its fluid state, in basophils

171
Q

antibodies

A

protein substances stimulated by the presence of antigens

172
Q

dyscrasias

A

abnormal conditions of the blood or
bone marrow

173
Q

poikil/o

A

irregular

174
Q

poikilocytosis

A

irregularly shaped blood cells form

175
Q

hypochromic

A

lacking in color

176
Q

microcytic

A

smaller cells than normal

177
Q

Hypochromic anemia

A

decreased concentration of hemoglobin in the red blood cells

178
Q

iron-deficiency anemia, sideropenia

A

insufficient iron in the blood to synthesize hemoglobin

179
Q

sider/o

A

iron

180
Q

Thalassemia (extreme case Cooley anemia)

A

inherited defect in the ability to produce hemoglobin (Mediterranean background)

181
Q

Pernicious anemia

A

large, immature megaloblasts circulate in the blood, inability of the body to absorb vitamin B12 properly into the bloodstream as a result of a lack of intrinsic factor (IF)

182
Q

Aplastic anemia

A

failure of the bone marrow to produce any type of blood cell

183
Q

pancytopenia

A

deficiency in all types of cells

184
Q

Hemolytic anemia

A

red blood cells are destroyed at a rate faster than the bone marrow can replace them

185
Q

spherocytic anemia

A

altered round shape of these red blood cells makes them fragile and more likely to be destroyed

186
Q

Acquired hemolytic anemia

A

caused by an autoimmune disorder in which antibodies develop and attack antigens on the red blood cell membrane, jaundice can occur

187
Q

Sickle cell anemia

A

genetic disorder characterized by hemolysis and the production of abnormally shaped erythrocytes by abnormal hemoglobin, hemoglobin S (HbS), cannot pass through small blood vessels

188
Q

Sickle cell crisis

A

sickle cells begin to block capillaries, can’t get oxygen to tissues

189
Q

Hemochromatosis

A

excessive amounts of iron are deposited throughout the body

190
Q

polycythemia

A

significant increase in the numbers of RBCs

191
Q

disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)

A

abnoraml amounts of clotting lead to reduction in blood clotting factors

192
Q

Hemophilia

A

deficiency in one of the factors necessary for the blood to clot

193
Q

Leukemia

A

general term that refers to a variety of malignant white blood cell diseases

194
Q

Acute leukemia

A

sudden onset, a rapid progression, and large numbers of undifferentiated, immature leukocytes in the blood

195
Q

acute myeloid leukemia (AML)

A

significant increase in the number of immature granulocytes

196
Q

Acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL)

A

rapid increase of immature lymphocyte

197
Q

Chronic myeloid leukemia

A

presence of excessive numbers of immature and mature granulocytes in the bone marrow and bloodstream

198
Q

chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL)

A

small lymphocytes proliferate in the bone marrow, blood, liver, and lymphoid organs

199
Q

Granulocytosis

A

the number of granulocytes is abnormally high

200
Q

Basophilia

A

overgrowth occurs in the number of immature basophilic leukocytes in the blood

201
Q

-philia

A

attraction for / overgrowth

202
Q

-penia

A

deficiency

203
Q

neutropenia

A

deficiency of neutrophils

204
Q

eosinophilia

A

abnormal inflation in the number of eosinophils that accompany allergic conditions

205
Q

-philia

A

inflation

206
Q

mononucleosis

A

an acute infection caused by the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), overgrowth of moncytes

207
Q

multiple myeloma

A

cancerous plasma cells invade the bone marrow and destroy bone tissue

208
Q

thrombocytopenia

A

deficiency in the number of platelets

209
Q

autoimmune thrombocytopenic purpura

A

patient generates an antiplatelet antibody

210
Q

purpura

A

multiple pinpoint hemorrhages

211
Q

ecchymoses

A

bruise

212
Q

polycythemia vera

A

abnormal increase in the number of red blood cells

213
Q

red blood cell (RBC) count

A

measure of the number of erythrocytes per cubic millimeter

214
Q

Mean corpuscular volume (MCV)

A

average volume of RBC

215
Q

erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR or sed rate)

A

speed with which the erythrocytes fall down out of the plasma

216
Q

hematocrit (Hct) value

A

percentage of RBC present

217
Q

hemoglobin (Hb, Hgb) test

A

measures total amount of hemoglobin

can show mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) and mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH)

218
Q

complete blood count (CBC)

A

calculating the number of each type of blood cell, hemoglobin, and hematocrit, as well as other red blood cell values, in a blood sample to diagnose sickle cell anemia

219
Q

red blood cell morphology

A

study shape of cells

220
Q

electrophoresis

A

electric current to separate immunoglobulins from other plasma proteins and identifies the abnormal hemoglobin

221
Q

white blood cell count

A

calculates the number of leukocytes per cubic millimeter or microliter of blood

222
Q

white blood cell differential

A

percentage of different types of leukocytes in the blood

223
Q

coagulation time

A

time required for venous blood to clot in a test tube

224
Q

Partial thromboplastin time (PTT)

A

a test that assesses defects in the coagulation pathway

225
Q

prothrombin time (PT)

A

a measure of blood clotting ability excluding factor VIII

226
Q

antiglobulin test (Coombs test)

A

determines the presence of antibodies in infants of Rh-negative women or in patients with autoimmune hemolytic anemia, given before blood transfusion

227
Q

Bone marrow biopsy (bx)

A

obtaining a core of bone marrow from the bone cavity with a needle

228
Q

Bone marrow aspiration

A

uses suction produced by a syringe to collect the sample

229
Q

bone marrow transplant

A

the infusion of healthy bone marrow

230
Q

palliative

A

stop disease progression to treat multiple myeloma

231
Q

Autologous bone marrow transplantation (ABMT)

A

patients serve as his or her own donor for stem cells, may lead to prolonged remission

232
Q

transfusion

A

process of introducing whole blood or blood components into a recipient’s bloodstream

233
Q

apheresis

A

separation of blood components by spinning them at high speeds in a centrifuge

234
Q

Plateletpheresis

A

uses only the platelets

235
Q

plasmapheresis

A

removes only the plasma

236
Q

-pheresis

A

removal

237
Q

packed cells

A

preparation of red blood cells separated from liquid plasma, restoration of hemoglobin and RBCs without contributing excess fluid to the patient’s blood

238
Q

splenectomy

A

primary treatment modalities in cases of severe thrombocytopenia.

239
Q

Phlebotomy

A

act of drawing or removing blood, treatment of polycythemia

240
Q

Bone marrow transplantation (BMT)

A

standard treatment for leukemias

241
Q

autologous bone marrow transplant (ABMT)

A

harvesting of one’s own healthy bone marrow, which is then stored for reintroduction later

242
Q

hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HST)

A

hematopoietic stem cell to create new RBC, peripheral stem cells from a donor are administered to a recipient

243
Q

Absolute neutrophil count (ANC)

A

detects neutropenia

244
Q

-phoresis

A

carrying

245
Q

Which blood type contains no antibodies

A

AB

246
Q

Allergic rhinitis (hay fever)

A

inflammatory response that causes a runny nose, sneezing, and other symptoms related to the nose

247
Q

rhin/o

A

nose

248
Q

allergy

A

response of the immune system to a harmless substance

249
Q

immun/o

A

protect

250
Q

lymph/o

A

lymph

251
Q

lymphaden/o

A

lymph nodes

252
Q

where does the lymphatic system absorb fat?

A

small intestine

253
Q

adenoids

A

pharyngeal tonsils

254
Q

tonsils function

A

first line of defense

255
Q

thym/o

A

thymus

256
Q

thymus

A

contains lymphoid cells, produces T cells where they learn tolerance

257
Q

Natural immunity

A

present at birth

258
Q

Natural killer (NK) cells

A

nonspecifically attacks tumor cells and virally infected cells

259
Q

Adaptive immunity

A

body’s ability to recognize and remember specific antigens in an immune response, T and B cells used

260
Q

tox/o

A

poisin

261
Q

Humoral immunity

A

B cells produce antibodies after exposure to specific antigens, turn into plasma cell, antibodies produced by plasma cells are called immunoglobulins

262
Q

Cell-mediated immunity

A

involves several different types of T cells with different functions

263
Q

complement system

A

group of proteins that helps antibodies kill their targe

264
Q

Dendritic cells

A

show T and B cells what to attack

265
Q

Interferon and interleukins are examples of

A

cytokines

266
Q

Suppressor T cells

A

control B cell and T cell activity and stop the immune response when an antigen has been destroyed. T cells act directly on antigens to destroy them or produce toxins to kill them

267
Q

Hypersensitivity reactions

A

when immune system’s response to allergen is excessive

268
Q

anaphylaxis

A

life-threatening response that occurs throughout the body

269
Q

Atopy

A

genetic predisposition to develop sensitivity to environmental allergens

ex: asthma, urticaria (or hives), and atopic dermatitis

270
Q

immunodeficiency

A

inadequate response

271
Q

autoimmune disorders

A

body’s immune system mounts an attack on healthy cells

272
Q

isoimmunity

A

normal but undesirable immune system reaction, body rejects transplant

273
Q

is/o

A

equal

274
Q

acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)

A

epidemic retroviral immune disease caused by infection with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)

275
Q

severe combined immunodeficiency disease (SCID)

A

deficiency of both T cells and B cells is present, variation of AIDS present at birth

276
Q

human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)

A

copies itself with RNA, destroys cell-mediated immunity destroying T cells

277
Q

pneumonitis (lymphoid interstitial pneumonitis)

A

inflammation of the lung

278
Q

thymoma

A

tumor of the thymus gland, associated with myasthenia gravis (MG)

279
Q

Multiple myeloma

A

abnormal increase of activated B cells, or plasma cells, too many immunoglobins destroy bone tissue

280
Q

Waldenström macroglobulinemia

A

tumor of malignant B cells that produce too much IgM, blood flow is slow

281
Q

Lymphomas

A

malignant neoplasms of the lymph nodes

282
Q

Hodgkin lymphoma

A

tumor of lymphoid tissue in the spleen and lymph nodes, unknown origin

283
Q

non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL)

A

group of malignant tumors that involve lymphoid tissue, two types

284
Q

opportunistic infections

A

Infectious diseases associated with AIDS because AIDS weakens immune system

285
Q

histoplasmosis

A

fungal infection

286
Q

Lymphadenopathy

A

disease of the lymph nodes. common with AIDS

287
Q

lymphedema

A

accumulation of lymph in soft tissue and resultant swelling

288
Q

cryptosporidiosis (“Crypto”)

A

parasitic infection of the gastrointestinal tract

289
Q

Kaposi sarcoma (KS)

A

neoplastic disorder characterized by dark purplish skin lesion

290
Q

toxoplasmosis

A

parasitic infection

291
Q

RT is the abbreviation for

A

Reverse transcriptase

292
Q

viral load test

A

measures the amount of AIDS virus (HIV) is in the bloodstream

293
Q

CD4+ cell count

A

measures the number of CD4+ T cells (helper cells) in the bloodstream

294
Q

enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)

A

detecting a variety of antigens or antibodies, diagnosis of HIV infections

295
Q

Western blot test

A

checks for anti-HIV antibodies, confirms HIV

296
Q

immunoelectrophoresis

A

a test that detects and differentiates abnormal levels of specific antibodies by separating immunoglobulins, diagnosis abnormal B cells

297
Q

Blood studies, radiography, lymph node biopsy, computed x-ray imaging (CT scan),

A

diagnosis of lymphoma

298
Q

lactate dehydrogenase (LDH)

A

measures tissue damage by LDH in certain disease states

299
Q

identification of the malignant Reed Sternberg cell

A

diagnosis of Hodgkin lymphoma

300
Q

Immunotherapy

A

use of immune cells, antibodies, or vaccines to treat disease, used to treat cancer

301
Q

chimeric antigen receptor T cell (CAR T) therapy

A

T cells are extracted from the patient’s blood, modified to attack cancer

302
Q

Monoclonal antibodies (MoAb)

A

created in a laboratory with cloning techniques and are designed to attack specific cancer cells

303
Q

reverse transcriptase inhibitors (RTIs) and viral protease inhibitors

A

treat HIV

304
Q

protease inhibitors

A

inhibits the enzyme protease from helping spread the AIDS virus throughout the body

305
Q

highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART)

A

use of combinations of drugs that are effective against AIDS

306
Q

cytokine vaccine

A

cancer treatment enhances the immune response

307
Q

Two viral load tests that measure the amount of AIDS virus in the bloodstream are

A

PCR; NASBA

308
Q

pulse

A

The force of the blood being ejected from the heart causes a regular expansion and contraction of the arterial walls

309
Q

cytokines

A

chemical messengers secreted by T cells that aid cells to kill antigens

A HEIM 230 (8 decks)

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