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A HEIM 230 > Unit 3 > Flashcards

Unit 3 Flashcards

1
Q

filtration

A

process for removing waste products

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2
Q

urea

A

nitrogenous waste formed in the liver

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3
Q

other names for urination

A

voiding or micturition

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4
Q

kidney secretes:

A

renin and erythropoietin (EPO)

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5
Q

renin

A

raises blood pressure to keep blood moving through kidney

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6
Q

EPO

A

stimulates production of RBC

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7
Q

-poietin

A

substance that forms

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8
Q

cortic/o

A

cortex

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9
Q

nephr/o

A

nephron

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10
Q

regions of kidney

A

cortex and medulla

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11
Q

nephron

A

processing blood plasma and urine formation

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12
Q

glomerul/o

A

glomerulus

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13
Q

glomerulus

A

blood enters nephron through this ball of capillaries, act as filters

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14
Q

renal tubules

A

substances filtered here

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15
Q

collecting duct

A

many nephron tubules form this

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16
Q

reabsorption

A

water and nutrients filtered out and return to blood in the proximal renal tubule

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17
Q

Bowman capsule

A

surrounds glomerulus

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18
Q

renal corpuscle

A

bowman capsule and glumerulus

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19
Q

pyel/o

A

pelvis

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20
Q

cali/o, calic/o

A

calyx

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21
Q

calyx

A

cup that helps collect urine

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22
Q

ureter/o, vesic/o

A

ureter

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23
Q

trigon/o

A

trigone

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24
Q

trigone

A

triangular area in bladder

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25
Q

meat/o

A

meatus

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26
Q

Electrolyte

A

A chemical element that carries an electrical charge when dissolved in water

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27
Q

urinalysis (UA)

A

multipurpose urine test

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28
Q

things to test in urine

A

color, pH, albumin, glucose

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29
Q

albumin/o

A

albumin

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30
Q

albuminuria

A

abnormal amounts of albumin protein in blood

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31
Q

glycosuria

A

too much glucose in blood

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32
Q

ketonuria

A

elevated levels of ketone bodies, means body is burning fat for energy

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33
Q

ket/o, keton/o

A

ketone bodies / acetones

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34
Q

ketoacidosis (or ketosis)

A

excessive blood acidity becuase of dangerous levels of blood ketones

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35
Q

pyuria

A

presence of pus in the urine

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36
Q

py/o

A

pus

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37
Q

phenylketonuria (PKU)

A

elevated levels of phenylketones

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38
Q

hyperbilirubinemia

A

excess levels of hemoglobin pigment bilirubin in the blood

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39
Q

specific gravity

A

comparison of density between the urine and water, reflects the amount of wastes, minerals, and solids in the urine

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40
Q

Upper UTIs

A

kidneys and ureters

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41
Q

lower UTIs

A

bladder and urethra

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42
Q

possible causes of renal failure

A

high blood pressure, infection, and diabetes

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43
Q

chronic kidney disease (CKD)

A

end-stage renal disease, can be fatal

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44
Q

interstitial nephritis

A

inflammation of tissue between renal tubules

An acute reaction to certain drugs that leads to poor renal function, fever, and rash accompanied by eosinophils in the urine

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45
Q

interstitial cystitis (IC)

A

chronic inflammation of the bladder wall

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46
Q

pyelonephritis

A

bacterial infection in the renal pelvis of the urinary tract causes collections of pus to form in the kidney

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47
Q

urethral stricture

A

scarring causing a fibrotic narrowing of the urethra

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48
Q

dysuria

A

painful urination

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49
Q

polyuria

A

urinating frequently

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50
Q

diuresis

A

increased urine formation and secretion

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51
Q

nocturia

A

frequent, excessive urination at night

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52
Q

anuria

A

diminished or absent urination

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53
Q

nephrolithiasis

A

condition of having a kidney stone

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54
Q

hypercalciuria

A

elevated calcium, thought to form kidney stones

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55
Q

polycystic kidney disease (PKD)

A

multiple cysts form inside and outside kidney

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56
Q

uremia

A

a large amount of nitrogenous wastes accumulate in the blood because they are not being excreted in the urine

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57
Q

Azotemia

A

high levels of urea

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58
Q

diabetes insipidus (DI)

A

ADH is not secreted or kidney becomes resistant to it

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59
Q

diabetes mellitus

A

insulin is either not adequately secreted or tissues are resistant to its effects

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60
Q

polydipsia

A

excess thirst

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61
Q

nephroptosis

A

dropping or displacing a kidney

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62
Q

-ptosis

A

displacing

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63
Q

renal cell carcinoma

A

cancerous tumor in kidney

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64
Q

Wilms tumor (nephroblastoma)

A

cancer of the kidney that occurs in childhood

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65
Q

blast/o

A

embryonic

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66
Q

Nephrotic syndrome

A

kidney disease with proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia, and edema

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67
Q

Glomerulonephritis

A

inflammation of glomeruli

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68
Q

normal pH of urine

A

slightly acidic

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69
Q

blood urea nitrogen (BUN) test

A

determine how much urea and nitrogen have accumulated in the blood

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70
Q

creatinine clearance test (CrCl)

A

measures the rate at which creatinine concentration in a blood sample is excreted in the urine over a 24-hour period and can assess glomerular filtration rate (GFR)

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71
Q

retrograde pyelogram (RP)

A

administration of a contrast medium through a catheter into the ureters from the bladder before x-ray images of the renal pelvis and ureters are taken

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72
Q

radioisotope scan

A

image of the kidney enhanced by the injection of a radioactive substance into the bloodstream

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73
Q

voiding cystourethrogram (VCUG)

A

the bladder is filled with a contrast material, and real-time x-ray imaging (fluoroscopy) is performed as the patient expels urine

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74
Q

intravenous pyelogram (IVP)

A

x-ray examination of the kidneys, bladder, and ureters with iodine contrast

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75
Q

urography / KUB

A

kidney, ureters, and bladder examination, x-ray examination, without contrast medium to see size and location of kidneys

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76
Q

Renal angiography

A

radiographic images of the blood vessels of the kidney are made

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77
Q

diagnostic sonography / ultrasonography / diagnostic ultrasound

A

uses sounds waves to record images of internal organs and tissues

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78
Q

Flexible cystoscopy

A

used for checkups and diagnosis of bladder

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79
Q

Rigid cystoscopy

A

used to take biopsy samples, remove polyps, or perform laser treatments

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80
Q

lithotripsy

A

crush kidney stones

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81
Q

-tripsy

A

crush

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82
Q

extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL)

A

shock wave used to crush kidney stones

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83
Q

corpor/o

A

body

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84
Q

hyperkalemia

A

increased blood potassium

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85
Q

Hemodialysis (HD)

A

artificial kidney machine

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86
Q

peritoneal dialysis (PD)

A

uses a peritoneal catheter to introduce fluid into the abdominal cavity

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87
Q

Continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD)

A

using the patient’s own peritoneal membrane as a filtering unit for waste product

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88
Q

renal angioplasty

A

a balloon catheter is inserted through an artery, inflating balloon widens stenosis

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89
Q

stents

A

keep vessels open

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90
Q

gynec/o

A

woman

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91
Q

obstetr/o

A

childbirth, pregnancy

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92
Q

nat/i

A

birth

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93
Q

gonad in females

A

ovary

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94
Q

ovum

A

egg

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95
Q

ov/o, ovul/o, o/o

A

ovum

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96
Q

fertilization

A

sperm + ovum = zygote

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97
Q

graafian/ovarian follicles

A

contains ova

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98
Q

uter/o, metr/o, hyster/o

A

uterus

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99
Q

salping/o, -salpinx

A

fallopian tubes

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100
Q

ovulation

A

egg moves to uterus

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101
Q

adnexae uteri

A

accessory structures of the uterus

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102
Q

cervic/o

A

cervix

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103
Q

parts of the uterus

A

corpus (fundus), cervix

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104
Q

layers of uterus

A

endometrium, myometrium, perimetrium

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105
Q

men/o

A

menstruation

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106
Q

vagin/o, colp/o

A

vagina

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107
Q

vulv/o, episi/o

A

vulva

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108
Q

bartholin/o

A

Bartholin glands

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109
Q

perine/o

A

perineum

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110
Q

lact/o, galact/o

A

milk

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111
Q

lactiferous ducts

A

small tubular structures extending from milk-secreting cells

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112
Q

mammary papilla

A

nipple

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113
Q

areola

A

area around nipple

114
Q

oocyte

A

immature ovum

115
Q

menarche

A

beginning of menstration

116
Q

-arche

A

beginning

117
Q

corpus luteum

A

ruptured graafian follicle

118
Q

gravid/o, -cyesis, -gravida

A

pregnancy

119
Q

estrogen

A

sexual development and menstrual cycle

120
Q

progesterone

A

stimulates growth of the endometrial lining of the uterus to support the fertilized ovum should pregnancy occur

121
Q

gonadotropin

A

hormone that stimulates gonads

122
Q

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)

A

made by hypothalamus, tells pituitary to release LH and FSH

123
Q

follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

A

induces the development of ovarian follicles and their secretion of estrogen

124
Q

luteinizing hormone (LH)

A

causes the mature follicle to rupture and release its ovum - starts ovulation

125
Q

Days 1 to 5

A

menstruation

126
Q

Days 6 to 12

A

endometrium undergoes a period of repair, another ovarian follicle develops

127
Q

Days 13 and 14

A

mature follicle to eject the ovum due to LH, ovulation on day 14

128
Q

Days 15 to 28

A

uterine lining prepares for pregnancy, progesterone

129
Q

menopause

A

decreased estrogen

130
Q

gestation

A

pregnancy

131
Q

amni/o

A

amnion

132
Q

amnion

A

fluid filled sac in embryo (innermost layer)

133
Q

chori/o

A

chorion

134
Q

chorion

A

membranes surrounding embryo

135
Q

fet/o

A

fetus

136
Q

fetus

A

embryo after 6-8 weeks

137
Q

human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)

A

hormone secreted by placenta

138
Q

parturition

A

childbirth

139
Q

primigravida

A

woman pregnant for the first time

140
Q

primipara

A

woman who has given birth once

141
Q

woman’s reproductive history

A

(1) full term, (2) preterm, (3) aborted, and (4) living biological children

142
Q

Obstetrics

A

branch of medicine in childbirth

143
Q

Perineum

A

area between vagina and anus

144
Q

dysfunctional uterine bleeding (DUB) or abnormal uterine bleeding (AUB)

A

abnormal periods

145
Q

menorrhagia

A

heavy periods

146
Q

metrorrhagia

A

uterine bleeding between menses

147
Q

menometrorrhagia

A

excessive uterine bleeding that occurs both during and between menstrual periods

148
Q

metro/o

A

uterine

149
Q

dysmenorrhea

A

painful menstrual discharge

150
Q

amenorrhea

A

absence of menstrual discharge

151
Q

oligomenorrhea

A

light flow

152
Q

olig/o

A

scanty

153
Q

fibroids, or leiomyomas

A

pelvic tumor, benign*

154
Q

leiomy/o

A

smooth, visceral muscle

155
Q

hyperplasia

A

overgrowth of endometrium, pre cursor of cancer

156
Q

Cervical dysplasia

A

change in the size, shape, and/or appearance of the cells that form cervical tissue

157
Q

HPV

A

human papilloma virus

158
Q

cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN)

A

Dysplasia that is observed on a biopsy of the cervix

159
Q

Carcinoma in situ (CIS)

A

severe dysplasia, strong predictor of cervical cancer

160
Q

Choriocarcinoma

A

malignant neoplasm of the uterus that arises from the placenta

161
Q

Endometriosis

A

endometrial tissue transported outside uterus

162
Q

Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)

A

inflammation and infection of any number of organs in the pelvic region, caused by repeated bacterial infections or sexually transmitted diseases (STDs)

163
Q

leukorrhea

A

discharge from vagina

164
Q

anastomosis

A

procedure does the surgeon use to create an arteriovenous fistula aiding hemodialysis (HD) in the patient with renal failure

165
Q

are cystadenocarcinomas b or m?

A

malignant

166
Q

are cystadenomas b or m?

A

benign

167
Q

Dermoid cysts

A

ovarian tumors that contain different kinds of tissue

168
Q

salpingitis

A

fallopian tubes affected by PID

169
Q

ectopic pregnancy

A

implantation outside of the uterus

170
Q

preeclampsia

A

high blood pressure, large quantities of protein in the urine, and swelling of the legs and feet

171
Q

Placenta previa

A

placenta has developed in the lower portion of the uterus in such a way as to partially or completely cover the cervical opening

172
Q

Abruptio placentae

A

separation, or tearing away, of a normally implanted placenta from the uterine wall and often results in severe hemorrhage

173
Q

-tocia

A

labor and delivery

174
Q

oxy-

A

rapid

175
Q

HDN

A

hemolytic disease in the newborn

176
Q

Erythroblastosis fetalis

A

HDN incompatibility from Rh factor leads to the destruction of red blood cells in the newborn

177
Q

episiotomy (perineotomy)

A

enlarge space between vagina and anus during childbirth

178
Q

Apgar score

A

infant’s heart rate, respiration, muscle tone, color, and response to skin stimulation

179
Q

Meconium aspiration syndrome

A

the fetus’ lungs become blocked by meconium

180
Q

infant respiratory distress syndrome (IRDS)

A

Respiratory disorder caused by a lack of surfactant

181
Q

pyloric stenosis

A

narrowing of sphincter in stomach

182
Q

Fibrocystic breast disease

A

numerous small sacs of fluid surrounded by dense strands of fibrous tissue

183
Q

galactorrhea

A

abnormal discharge of milk

184
Q

Endometrial carcinoma

A

uterine cancer that generally develops after menopause

185
Q

culdoscopy

A

examine the Douglas cul-de-sac

186
Q

conization, or cone biopsy

A

removal of a cone-shaped sample of tissue from high in the cervical canal, can use LEEP

187
Q

loop electrosurgical excision procedure (LEEP)

A

method to remove tissue sample

188
Q

hysterosalpingography (HSG)

A

radiographic imaging of the uterus and fallopian tubes after the injection of contrast dye

189
Q

Dilation and curettage (D&C)

A

widening of the uterine cervix and scraping off of the endometrial lining of the uterus

190
Q

Endometrial biopsy (EMB)

A

tissue sample is taken from the endometrial lining of the uterus

191
Q

alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) test

A

test can reveal multiple gestations

192
Q

culdocentesis

A

fluid is removed through a needle inserted through the vagina into the cul-de-sac, can reveal ectopic pregnancies

193
Q

Fetal monitoring

A

continuous recording of the fetal heart rate

194
Q

-metry

A

measuring

195
Q

Papanicolaou

A

PAP

196
Q

sentinel node biopsy (SNB)

A

injecting a blue dye or radioisotope into the site and tracking it to identify the sentinel node, shows if tumor has spread to lymph nodes

197
Q

stereotactic core biopsy

A

Uses mammography to guide a biopsy needle into the breast

198
Q

myom/o

A

muscle tumor

199
Q

Hysterectomy

A

surgical removal of uterus, two types ( total abdominal hysterectomy (TAH) and total vaginal hysterectomy (TVH))

200
Q

bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy (TAH-BSO)

A

surgical removal of the fallopian tubes and ovaries on both sides

201
Q

pelvic exenteration

A

removal of the contents of a body cavity

202
Q

cautery/cauterization or cryosurgery

A

destruction of tissue by burning with chemicals (silver nitrate) or an electrically heated instrument or cold

203
Q

cesarean section

A

C-section

204
Q

tubal ligation

A

cutting, burning, or tying off (ligation) of the fallopian tubes

205
Q

TRAM flap

A

breast reconstruction

206
Q

modified radical mastectomy

A

everything but chest wall removed

207
Q

Robotic hysterectomy

A

a microscopic three dimension view and a control console to remove the uterus using small incisions

208
Q

Chorionic villus sampling

A

tests placental tissue for prenatal diagnosis

209
Q

debulking

A

surgeon removes as much of the ovarian adenocarcinoma as possible

210
Q

Endocervicitis

A

inflammation of the inner lining of the cervix

211
Q

afterbirth

A

placenta

212
Q

Fallopian tube

A

fertilization occurs here

213
Q

Fibrocystic disease

A

Cysts in the fibrous tissue of the breasts can feel like lumps. If the cysts grow larger and more painful before menstruation, they are likely a sign of this benign condition

214
Q

andr/o

A

male

215
Q

test/o, orch/o, orchi/o, orchid/o

A

testicles

216
Q

spermat/o, sperm/o

A

sperm cells

217
Q

seminiferous tubules

A

development of sperm happens here, carries them out of testicle

218
Q

interstitial (Leydig) cells

A

make testosterone

219
Q

spermatozoa

A

sperm

220
Q

vas/o

A

vas deferens (ductus)

221
Q

prostat/o

A

prostate

222
Q

semin/i

A

semen

223
Q

bulbourethral glands (cowper glands)

A

secrete fluid to help transport sperm

224
Q

pen/o

A

penis

225
Q

balan/o

A

glans penis

226
Q

semen

A

sperm and seminal fluid

227
Q

vasectomy

A

remove sperm cells, vas deferens is cut and tied

228
Q

acrosome

A

sperm head

229
Q

epididymis

A

One of a pair of comma-shaped, tightly coiled tubes in which sperm cells continue to mature

230
Q

crypt/o

A

hidden

231
Q

cryptorchidism / cryptorchism

A

When one or both of the testes fail to descend

232
Q

testicular torsion

A

twisting of the spermatic cord

233
Q

varicocele

A

enlargement of the veins of the spermatic cord (varicose veins)

234
Q

orchitis

A

inflammation of one or both testis

235
Q

-cele

A

swelling

236
Q

hydrocele

A

accumulation of fluid in scrotum

237
Q

aspermia

A

lack of semen

238
Q

azoospermia

A

no living sperm in semen

239
Q

oligospermia

A

low sperm count

240
Q

benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)

A

enlargement of portions of the prostate gland, noncancerous, compresses on urethra

241
Q

testicular carcinoma types

A

germinal or nongerminal

242
Q

Phimosis

A

when a boy (usually age 4 years or older) with an uncircumcised penis cannot retract his foreskin (prepuce) behind the head of his penis

243
Q

phim/o

A

to muzzle

244
Q

balanitis

A

inflammation of the glans penis

245
Q

Hypospadias

A

urinary meatus is on the undersurface of the penis, congenital disorder (disease present from birth)

246
Q

Impotence

A

erectile dysfunction

247
Q

chlamydia

A

STD, commonly indicated by urethritis, most common

248
Q

nonspecific urethritis (NSU)

A

not from an STU

249
Q

Gonorrhea

A

STI, inflammation of the genital tract mucosa

250
Q

Herpes genitalis

A

chronic infection caused by HSV virus, Reddened skin with small fluid-filled blisters and ulcers

251
Q

Human papilloma virus (HPV)

A

infection of the skin and mucous membranes, causes condylomata (genital wart)

252
Q

Syphilis

A

STD caused by a spirochete

253
Q

primary syphilis

A

the chancre appears

254
Q

Seminoma

A

type of testicular cancer arises from embryonic cells in the seminiferous tubules in the testes

255
Q

carcinoma of the prostate

A

malignant tumors of the prostate gland, screened by Digital rectal examination (DRE) and prostate specific antigen (PSA)

256
Q

testicular

A

pertaining to male gonad

257
Q

teratoma

A

A usually benign tumor occurring in the testes or ovaries composed of different types of tissue such as hair, bone, and cartilage

258
Q

digital rectal examination (DRE)

A

finger palpation of the prostate gland through the rectum

259
Q

prostate-specific antigen (PSA)

A

protein produced by prostate, elevated levels are found in patients with prostatitis, BPH, and prostate cancer

260
Q

transrectal ultrasound (TRUS)

A

uses sound waves to create an image of the prostate gland

261
Q

TNM staging system and the Gleason scoring system

A

scoring to determine how aggressive cancer is

262
Q

rapid plasma reagin (RPR) test

A

screen for syphilis, to diagnose symptomatic infections, and to monitor syphilis in response to treatment

263
Q

fluorescent treponemal antibody absorption (FTA-ABS) test

A

measures specific antibodies to the syphilis bacterium

264
Q

trans-

A

across

265
Q

surgical ligation

A

tying off spermatic cord

266
Q

hydrocelectomy

A

a needle and syringe are used to remove the fluid-filled mass

267
Q

orchiopexy

A

attach a testis securing it in place to prevent its retraction

268
Q

vasovasostomy

A

rejoining vas defrens

269
Q

transurethral resection (TURP) or (photo-selective vaporization of the prostate, or GreenLight PV)

A

treats BPH, prostatic tissue is removed

270
Q

transurethral incision of the prostate (TUIP)

A

when prostate gland is less enlarged, urethra is widened

271
Q

transurethral microwave thermotherapy (TUMT)

A

heat capable of destroying excess prostatic tissue

272
Q

Transurethral needle ablation (TUNA)

A

low-level radiofrequency energy to eliminate hyperplastic growth

273
Q

castration

A

surgical excision of the testicles

274
Q

Cryogenic surgery, or cryosurgery

A

destroys cancer cells with extreme cold

275
Q

perineal prostatectomy

A

prostate is removed through an incision between the anus and scrotum

276
Q

suprapubic prostatectomy

A

abdominal incision above the symphysis pubis

277
Q

Robotic-assisted laparoscopic prostatectomy (RALP)

A

uses robot

278
Q

retropubic prostatectomy

A

incision below the umbilicus allows the removal of the prostate gland

279
Q

adjuvant

A

Type of hormone therapy used as support for another, more primary treatment

280
Q

Seminal vesicle

A

exocrine glands that secrete a thick fluid into the vas deferens that nourishes the sperm

281
Q

Peyronie disease

A

painful, curved erection results from repeated injury

282
Q

myomectomy

A

excision of fibroids from the uterus

A HEIM 230 (8 decks)

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