Unit 3 Flashcards
1
Q
filtration
A
process for removing waste products
2
Q
urea
A
nitrogenous waste formed in the liver
3
Q
other names for urination
A
voiding or micturition
4
Q
kidney secretes:
A
renin and erythropoietin (EPO)
5
Q
renin
A
raises blood pressure to keep blood moving through kidney
6
Q
EPO
A
stimulates production of RBC
7
Q
-poietin
A
substance that forms
8
Q
cortic/o
A
cortex
9
Q
nephr/o
A
nephron
10
Q
regions of kidney
A
cortex and medulla
11
Q
nephron
A
processing blood plasma and urine formation
12
Q
glomerul/o
A
glomerulus
13
Q
glomerulus
A
blood enters nephron through this ball of capillaries, act as filters
14
Q
renal tubules
A
substances filtered here
15
Q
collecting duct
A
many nephron tubules form this
16
Q
reabsorption
A
water and nutrients filtered out and return to blood in the proximal renal tubule
17
Q
Bowman capsule
A
surrounds glomerulus
18
Q
renal corpuscle
A
bowman capsule and glumerulus
19
Q
pyel/o
A
pelvis
20
Q
cali/o, calic/o
A
calyx
21
Q
calyx
A
cup that helps collect urine
22
Q
ureter/o, vesic/o
A
ureter
23
Q
trigon/o
A
trigone
24
Q
trigone
A
triangular area in bladder
25
meat/o
meatus
26
Electrolyte
A chemical element that carries an electrical charge when dissolved in water
27
urinalysis (UA)
multipurpose urine test
28
things to test in urine
color, pH, albumin, glucose
29
albumin/o
albumin
30
albuminuria
abnormal amounts of albumin protein in blood
31
glycosuria
too much glucose in blood
32
ketonuria
elevated levels of ketone bodies, means body is burning fat for energy
33
ket/o, keton/o
ketone bodies / acetones
34
ketoacidosis (or ketosis)
excessive blood acidity becuase of dangerous levels of blood ketones
35
pyuria
presence of pus in the urine
36
py/o
pus
37
phenylketonuria (PKU)
elevated levels of phenylketones
38
hyperbilirubinemia
excess levels of hemoglobin pigment bilirubin in the blood
39
specific gravity
comparison of density between the urine and water, reflects the amount of wastes, minerals, and solids in the urine
40
Upper UTIs
kidneys and ureters
41
lower UTIs
bladder and urethra
42
possible causes of renal failure
high blood pressure, infection, and diabetes
43
chronic kidney disease (CKD)
end-stage renal disease, can be fatal
44
interstitial nephritis
inflammation of tissue between renal tubules
An acute reaction to certain drugs that leads to poor renal function, fever, and rash accompanied by eosinophils in the urine
45
interstitial cystitis (IC)
chronic inflammation of the bladder wall
46
pyelonephritis
bacterial infection in the renal pelvis of the urinary tract causes collections of pus to form in the kidney
47
urethral stricture
scarring causing a fibrotic narrowing of the urethra
48
dysuria
painful urination
49
polyuria
urinating frequently
50
diuresis
increased urine formation and secretion
51
nocturia
frequent, excessive urination at night
52
anuria
diminished or absent urination
53
nephrolithiasis
condition of having a kidney stone
54
hypercalciuria
elevated calcium, thought to form kidney stones
55
polycystic kidney disease (PKD)
multiple cysts form inside and outside kidney
56
uremia
a large amount of nitrogenous wastes accumulate in the blood because they are not being excreted in the urine
57
Azotemia
high levels of urea
58
diabetes insipidus (DI)
ADH is not secreted or kidney becomes resistant to it
59
diabetes mellitus
insulin is either not adequately secreted or tissues are resistant to its effects
60
polydipsia
excess thirst
61
nephroptosis
dropping or displacing a kidney
62
-ptosis
displacing
63
renal cell carcinoma
cancerous tumor in kidney
64
Wilms tumor (nephroblastoma)
cancer of the kidney that occurs in childhood
65
blast/o
embryonic
66
Nephrotic syndrome
kidney disease with proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia, and edema
67
Glomerulonephritis
inflammation of glomeruli
68
normal pH of urine
slightly acidic
69
blood urea nitrogen (BUN) test
determine how much urea and nitrogen have accumulated in the blood
70
creatinine clearance test (CrCl)
measures the rate at which creatinine concentration in a blood sample is excreted in the urine over a 24-hour period and can assess glomerular filtration rate (GFR)
71
retrograde pyelogram (RP)
administration of a contrast medium through a catheter into the ureters from the bladder before x-ray images of the renal pelvis and ureters are taken
72
radioisotope scan
image of the kidney enhanced by the injection of a radioactive substance into the bloodstream
73
voiding cystourethrogram (VCUG)
the bladder is filled with a contrast material, and real-time x-ray imaging (fluoroscopy) is performed as the patient expels urine
74
intravenous pyelogram (IVP)
x-ray examination of the kidneys, bladder, and ureters with iodine contrast
75
urography / KUB
kidney, ureters, and bladder examination, x-ray examination, without contrast medium to see size and location of kidneys
76
Renal angiography
radiographic images of the blood vessels of the kidney are made
77
diagnostic sonography / ultrasonography / diagnostic ultrasound
uses sounds waves to record images of internal organs and tissues
78
Flexible cystoscopy
used for checkups and diagnosis of bladder
79
Rigid cystoscopy
used to take biopsy samples, remove polyps, or perform laser treatments
80
lithotripsy
crush kidney stones
81
-tripsy
crush
82
extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL)
shock wave used to crush kidney stones
83
corpor/o
body
84
hyperkalemia
increased blood potassium
85
Hemodialysis (HD)
artificial kidney machine
86
peritoneal dialysis (PD)
uses a peritoneal catheter to introduce fluid into the abdominal cavity
87
Continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD)
using the patient's own peritoneal membrane as a filtering unit for waste product
88
renal angioplasty
a balloon catheter is inserted through an artery, inflating balloon widens stenosis
89
stents
keep vessels open
90
gynec/o
woman
91
obstetr/o
childbirth, pregnancy
92
nat/i
birth
93
gonad in females
ovary
94
ovum
egg
95
ov/o, ovul/o, o/o
ovum
96
fertilization
sperm + ovum = zygote
97
graafian/ovarian follicles
contains ova
98
uter/o, metr/o, hyster/o
uterus
99
salping/o, -salpinx
fallopian tubes
100
ovulation
egg moves to uterus
101
adnexae uteri
accessory structures of the uterus
102
cervic/o
cervix
103
parts of the uterus
corpus (fundus), cervix
104
layers of uterus
endometrium, myometrium, perimetrium
105
men/o
menstruation
106
vagin/o, colp/o
vagina
107
vulv/o, episi/o
vulva
108
bartholin/o
Bartholin glands
109
perine/o
perineum
110
lact/o, galact/o
milk
111
lactiferous ducts
small tubular structures extending from milk-secreting cells
112
mammary papilla
nipple
113
areola
area around nipple
114
oocyte
immature ovum
115
menarche
beginning of menstration
116
-arche
beginning
117
corpus luteum
ruptured graafian follicle
118
gravid/o, -cyesis, -gravida
pregnancy
119
estrogen
sexual development and menstrual cycle
120
progesterone
stimulates growth of the endometrial lining of the uterus to support the fertilized ovum should pregnancy occur
121
gonadotropin
hormone that stimulates gonads
122
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)
made by hypothalamus, tells pituitary to release LH and FSH
123
follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
induces the development of ovarian follicles and their secretion of estrogen
124
luteinizing hormone (LH)
causes the mature follicle to rupture and release its ovum - starts ovulation
125
Days 1 to 5
menstruation
126
Days 6 to 12
endometrium undergoes a period of repair, another ovarian follicle develops
127
Days 13 and 14
mature follicle to eject the ovum due to LH, ovulation on day 14
128
Days 15 to 28
uterine lining prepares for pregnancy, progesterone
129
menopause
decreased estrogen
130
gestation
pregnancy
131
amni/o
amnion
132
amnion
fluid filled sac in embryo (innermost layer)
133
chori/o
chorion
134
chorion
membranes surrounding embryo
135
fet/o
fetus
136
fetus
embryo after 6-8 weeks
137
human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)
hormone secreted by placenta
138
parturition
childbirth
139
primigravida
woman pregnant for the first time
140
primipara
woman who has given birth once
141
woman's reproductive history
(1) full term, (2) preterm, (3) aborted, and (4) living biological children
142
Obstetrics
branch of medicine in childbirth
143
Perineum
area between vagina and anus
144
dysfunctional uterine bleeding (DUB) or abnormal uterine bleeding (AUB)
abnormal periods
145
menorrhagia
heavy periods
146
metrorrhagia
uterine bleeding between menses
147
menometrorrhagia
excessive uterine bleeding that occurs both during and between menstrual periods
148
metro/o
uterine
149
dysmenorrhea
painful menstrual discharge
150
amenorrhea
absence of menstrual discharge
151
oligomenorrhea
light flow
152
olig/o
scanty
153
fibroids, or leiomyomas
pelvic tumor, benign*
154
leiomy/o
smooth, visceral muscle
155
hyperplasia
overgrowth of endometrium, pre cursor of cancer
156
Cervical dysplasia
change in the size, shape, and/or appearance of the cells that form cervical tissue
157
HPV
human papilloma virus
158
cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN)
Dysplasia that is observed on a biopsy of the cervix
159
Carcinoma in situ (CIS)
severe dysplasia, strong predictor of cervical cancer
160
Choriocarcinoma
malignant neoplasm of the uterus that arises from the placenta
161
Endometriosis
endometrial tissue transported outside uterus
162
Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)
inflammation and infection of any number of organs in the pelvic region, caused by repeated bacterial infections or sexually transmitted diseases (STDs)
163
leukorrhea
discharge from vagina
164
anastomosis
procedure does the surgeon use to create an arteriovenous fistula aiding hemodialysis (HD) in the patient with renal failure
165
are cystadenocarcinomas b or m?
malignant
166
are cystadenomas b or m?
benign
167
Dermoid cysts
ovarian tumors that contain different kinds of tissue
168
salpingitis
fallopian tubes affected by PID
169
ectopic pregnancy
implantation outside of the uterus
170
preeclampsia
high blood pressure, large quantities of protein in the urine, and swelling of the legs and feet
171
Placenta previa
placenta has developed in the lower portion of the uterus in such a way as to partially or completely cover the cervical opening
172
Abruptio placentae
separation, or tearing away, of a normally implanted placenta from the uterine wall and often results in severe hemorrhage
173
-tocia
labor and delivery
174
oxy-
rapid
175
HDN
hemolytic disease in the newborn
176
Erythroblastosis fetalis
HDN incompatibility from Rh factor leads to the destruction of red blood cells in the newborn
177
episiotomy (perineotomy)
enlarge space between vagina and anus during childbirth
178
Apgar score
infant's heart rate, respiration, muscle tone, color, and response to skin stimulation
179
Meconium aspiration syndrome
the fetus' lungs become blocked by meconium
180
infant respiratory distress syndrome (IRDS)
Respiratory disorder caused by a lack of surfactant
181
pyloric stenosis
narrowing of sphincter in stomach
182
Fibrocystic breast disease
numerous small sacs of fluid surrounded by dense strands of fibrous tissue
183
galactorrhea
abnormal discharge of milk
184
Endometrial carcinoma
uterine cancer that generally develops after menopause
185
culdoscopy
examine the Douglas cul-de-sac
186
conization, or cone biopsy
removal of a cone-shaped sample of tissue from high in the cervical canal, can use LEEP
187
loop electrosurgical excision procedure (LEEP)
method to remove tissue sample
188
hysterosalpingography (HSG)
radiographic imaging of the uterus and fallopian tubes after the injection of contrast dye
189
Dilation and curettage (D&C)
widening of the uterine cervix and scraping off of the endometrial lining of the uterus
190
Endometrial biopsy (EMB)
tissue sample is taken from the endometrial lining of the uterus
191
alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) test
test can reveal multiple gestations
192
culdocentesis
fluid is removed through a needle inserted through the vagina into the cul-de-sac, can reveal ectopic pregnancies
193
Fetal monitoring
continuous recording of the fetal heart rate
194
-metry
measuring
195
Papanicolaou
PAP
196
sentinel node biopsy (SNB)
injecting a blue dye or radioisotope into the site and tracking it to identify the sentinel node, shows if tumor has spread to lymph nodes
197
stereotactic core biopsy
Uses mammography to guide a biopsy needle into the breast
198
myom/o
muscle tumor
199
Hysterectomy
surgical removal of uterus, two types ( total abdominal hysterectomy (TAH) and total vaginal hysterectomy (TVH))
200
bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy (TAH-BSO)
surgical removal of the fallopian tubes and ovaries on both sides
201
pelvic exenteration
removal of the contents of a body cavity
202
cautery/cauterization or cryosurgery
destruction of tissue by burning with chemicals (silver nitrate) or an electrically heated instrument or cold
203
cesarean section
C-section
204
tubal ligation
cutting, burning, or tying off (ligation) of the fallopian tubes
205
TRAM flap
breast reconstruction
206
modified radical mastectomy
everything but chest wall removed
207
Robotic hysterectomy
a microscopic three dimension view and a control console to remove the uterus using small incisions
208
Chorionic villus sampling
tests placental tissue for prenatal diagnosis
209
debulking
surgeon removes as much of the ovarian adenocarcinoma as possible
210
Endocervicitis
inflammation of the inner lining of the cervix
211
afterbirth
placenta
212
Fallopian tube
fertilization occurs here
213
Fibrocystic disease
Cysts in the fibrous tissue of the breasts can feel like lumps. If the cysts grow larger and more painful before menstruation, they are likely a sign of this benign condition
214
andr/o
male
215
test/o, orch/o, orchi/o, orchid/o
testicles
216
spermat/o, sperm/o
sperm cells
217
seminiferous tubules
development of sperm happens here, carries them out of testicle
218
interstitial (Leydig) cells
make testosterone
219
spermatozoa
sperm
220
vas/o
vas deferens (ductus)
221
prostat/o
prostate
222
semin/i
semen
223
bulbourethral glands (cowper glands)
secrete fluid to help transport sperm
224
pen/o
penis
225
balan/o
glans penis
226
semen
sperm and seminal fluid
227
vasectomy
remove sperm cells, vas deferens is cut and tied
228
acrosome
sperm head
229
epididymis
One of a pair of comma-shaped, tightly coiled tubes in which sperm cells continue to mature
230
crypt/o
hidden
231
cryptorchidism / cryptorchism
When one or both of the testes fail to descend
232
testicular torsion
twisting of the spermatic cord
233
varicocele
enlargement of the veins of the spermatic cord (varicose veins)
234
orchitis
inflammation of one or both testis
235
-cele
swelling
236
hydrocele
accumulation of fluid in scrotum
237
aspermia
lack of semen
238
azoospermia
no living sperm in semen
239
oligospermia
low sperm count
240
benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)
enlargement of portions of the prostate gland, noncancerous, compresses on urethra
241
testicular carcinoma types
germinal or nongerminal
242
Phimosis
when a boy (usually age 4 years or older) with an uncircumcised penis cannot retract his foreskin (prepuce) behind the head of his penis
243
phim/o
to muzzle
244
balanitis
inflammation of the glans penis
245
Hypospadias
urinary meatus is on the undersurface of the penis, congenital disorder (disease present from birth)
246
Impotence
erectile dysfunction
247
chlamydia
STD, commonly indicated by urethritis, most common
248
nonspecific urethritis (NSU)
not from an STU
249
Gonorrhea
STI, inflammation of the genital tract mucosa
250
Herpes genitalis
chronic infection caused by HSV virus, Reddened skin with small fluid-filled blisters and ulcers
251
Human papilloma virus (HPV)
infection of the skin and mucous membranes, causes condylomata (genital wart)
252
Syphilis
STD caused by a spirochete
253
primary syphilis
the chancre appears
254
Seminoma
type of testicular cancer arises from embryonic cells in the seminiferous tubules in the testes
255
carcinoma of the prostate
malignant tumors of the prostate gland, screened by Digital rectal examination (DRE) and prostate specific antigen (PSA)
256
testicular
pertaining to male gonad
257
teratoma
A usually benign tumor occurring in the testes or ovaries composed of different types of tissue such as hair, bone, and cartilage
258
digital rectal examination (DRE)
finger palpation of the prostate gland through the rectum
259
prostate-specific antigen (PSA)
protein produced by prostate, elevated levels are found in patients with prostatitis, BPH, and prostate cancer
260
transrectal ultrasound (TRUS)
uses sound waves to create an image of the prostate gland
261
TNM staging system and the Gleason scoring system
scoring to determine how aggressive cancer is
262
rapid plasma reagin (RPR) test
screen for syphilis, to diagnose symptomatic infections, and to monitor syphilis in response to treatment
263
fluorescent treponemal antibody absorption (FTA-ABS) test
measures specific antibodies to the syphilis bacterium
264
trans-
across
265
surgical ligation
tying off spermatic cord
266
hydrocelectomy
a needle and syringe are used to remove the fluid-filled mass
267
orchiopexy
attach a testis securing it in place to prevent its retraction
268
vasovasostomy
rejoining vas defrens
269
transurethral resection (TURP) or (photo-selective vaporization of the prostate, or GreenLight PV)
treats BPH, prostatic tissue is removed
270
transurethral incision of the prostate (TUIP)
when prostate gland is less enlarged, urethra is widened
271
transurethral microwave thermotherapy (TUMT)
heat capable of destroying excess prostatic tissue
272
Transurethral needle ablation (TUNA)
low-level radiofrequency energy to eliminate hyperplastic growth
273
castration
surgical excision of the testicles
274
Cryogenic surgery, or cryosurgery
destroys cancer cells with extreme cold
275
perineal prostatectomy
prostate is removed through an incision between the anus and scrotum
276
suprapubic prostatectomy
abdominal incision above the symphysis pubis
277
Robotic-assisted laparoscopic prostatectomy (RALP)
uses robot
278
retropubic prostatectomy
incision below the umbilicus allows the removal of the prostate gland
279
adjuvant
Type of hormone therapy used as support for another, more primary treatment
280
Seminal vesicle
exocrine glands that secrete a thick fluid into the vas deferens that nourishes the sperm
281
Peyronie disease
painful, curved erection results from repeated injury
282
myomectomy
excision of fibroids from the uterus
