Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Bio 9 > Unit 7 > Flashcards

Unit 7 Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

adaptation

artificial selection/selective breeding

gene pool

A

any inherited characteristics that increases an organism’s chance of survival

nature made variations and humans select the most useful variations; to amplify desired traits

all genes including all the different alleles that are present in a population

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

polygenic traits

trait

mutation

A

traits controlled by 2 or more genes -> many genotypes and phenotypes

a specific characteristic of an individual

a change in the genetic code

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

variant

limiting factor

biotic

abiotic

A

a version of an individual that differs from other forms of the same thing; any change in the DNA sequence of a cell

anything that limits the size of a population or stops it from growing

any living thing in an environment

any non living thing in an environment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

natural selection

niche

phenotype

genotype

A

the process by which random evolutionary changes are selected for by nature in a consistent, orderly, non-random way

an organisms “job description”

the expressed trait/appearance

the allele combination. ex: Aa aa

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

selection pressures

morphology

ecomorph

A

an environmental factor which may reduce reproductive success in a population and contributes to evolutionary changes

study of the form of living things/ body characteristics

A group of classified according to their body characteristics and their ecological niches; appearance is determined by ecological environment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Adaptive radiation

Coevolution

Convergent evolution

A

the process by which a single species evolves in several different forms that live in different ways

2 species evolve together; they respond to changes in one another, predator/prey

unrelated organisms appear to resemble one another due to living in similar environments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Taxonomy

Cladogram

A

classifying organisms; organizes by similar characteristics

a diagram that represents a hypothetical relationship between groups of organisms, including their common ancestors, branching diagram

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Speciation is _____________. __________ must occur for this to happen. The _______ are no longer able to reproduce.

A

the formation of new species, reproductive isolation, gene pools

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

speciation
extinction
gradualism
punctuated equilibrium
divergent evolution
convergent evolution
coevolution

these are?

A

patterns of evolution observable in nature

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Extinction is _________. gradual = _______-__ and mass =_________

A

elimination of species, occurs at a slow rate, catastrophic event suddenly

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Gradualism is _____________ whereas punctuated equilibrium is _____________.

A

slow, constant changes over a long period of time, bursts of change followed by periods of stability

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Adaptive radiation = _________, but it is _________ and ___________

A

divergent evolution, small scale, shorter period of time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are the 3 main domains?

A

eubacteria - prokaryotes “true bacteria”

archaebacteria - prokaryotes in extreme environments

eukarya - eukaryotes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are the taxonomy groups?

A

domain
kingdom
phylum
class
order
family
genus
species

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

phylogeny = _________. 3.5 BYA the 1st _________. 2.1 BYA the 1st ________ evolved through ___________ which is __________. Endosymbiotic Theory = ___________.

A

evolutionary history of a species, prokaryote, eukaryote, endosymbiosis, one prokaryote ended up inside of another and both organisms thrived, over time, coevolution of 2 prokaryotes occurred and led to speciation of the 1st eukaryotes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

A phylogenic tree is ____________. They are based on ________. The —- are based on ______, ______, and ______.

A

a diagram used to predict evolutionary relationships, hypothesis, morphology, genes, behaviors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

taxa = _______. phylogenic trees classify groups of species using _________. From a tree we can learn: most closely related, least closely related, and diverged first. _________ are the result of divergent evolution.

A

groups, homologous features, heritable traits

18
Q

look at notes of a phylogenic tree.

A

look

19
Q

Genetic variation comes from __________, __________, and _______. The main source is mutations.

A

mutations, genetic recombination in MEIOSIS, migration (gene flow)

20
Q

What are the four factors of evolution, evolution primarily results from 4 factors which are?

A
  1. the potential for a species to increase in number
  2. the heritable genetic variation of individuals
  3. competition for limited resources
  4. the proliferation of those organisms that are better able to survive and produce in the environment
21
Q

Two types of evolution are __________ and _________. ________ serves as the mechanism for how evolution occurs. fitness is _________. Natural selection has 4 principles: ________, ________, _______, and _________.

A

micro - small scale (single population), macro - large scale (many populations), natural selection, overproduction, variation, adaptation, descent with modification

22
Q

Overproduction causes ___________. Adaptations will ___________. Descent with modification is where _______.

A

limited resources and competition, become more common over time and change the gene pool, changes in gene frequency over time and beneficial traits get more common.

23
Q

Evolution is _________.

A

change over time; the process by which modern organism shave descended from ancient organisms; any change in the heritable traits within a population across generations

24
Q

read notes on Darwin.

A

read

25
Q

Fitness is ________. Common descent is ________. homologous structures are _______

A

ability to survive and reproduce in a specific environment, all species were derived from common ancestors, structures that have different mature structures but develop from the same embryonic structures

26
Q

Evidence that living things have been evolving for millions of years are found in ________________.

A

fossils

geographical distribution

homologous structures

embryology

27
Q

relative frequency is __________. Evolution is any change in the ________ of alleles in a population.

A

the number of times that the allele occurs in a gene pool, compared with the number of times other allies for the same gene occur, relative frequency

28
Q

Sexual reproduction produces different __________. This does not change the ________ and does not alter________.

A

phenotypes, relative frequency, the relative frequency of alleles in a population

29
Q

The number of phenotypes produced for a given trait depends on ___________.

A

how many genes control the trait

30
Q

Single gene variation leads to only _________. A _______ shaped curve is typical of polygenic traits; this is also known as ________.

A

two phenotypes, bell, normal distribution

31
Q

directional selection

disruptive selection

stabilizing selection

A

individuals at one extreme have higher fitness than those in the middle or the other end

individuals at both extremes have higher fitness

individuals near the center of the curve have the highest fitness

32
Q

genetic drift is__________. the Hardy Weinberg Principle is ___________. ________ is the situation where allele frequencies remain constant.

A

a random change in allele frequency, allele frequencies in a population will remain constant unless one or more factors cause the frequencies to change, genetic equilibrium

33
Q

Natural selection never acts directly on _________ it acts on ________.

A

gene, organism

34
Q

Where ______ varies, natural selection can act. In SMALL populations an allele can become more or less common simply by _________. The _______ the population the more prone to a random change in allele frequency, or genetic drift

A

fitness, chance, smaller

35
Q

What are the five conditions required to maintain genetic equilibrium

A
  1. random mating
  2. population must be very large
  3. no movement into or out of the population/migration/genetic drift
  4. no mutations
  5. no natural selection
36
Q

What equation is used to find allele frequencies and which one is used to find genotype frequencies?

A

p + q = 1, p^2 + 2pq + q^2 = 1

37
Q

We can only use p^2 + 2pq + q^2 = 1 if it is in ____________. If not use _______ to find the allele frequencies.

A

hardy Weinberg equilibrium/genetic equilibrium, p + q = 1

38
Q

What do each of the variables equal in the hardy Weinberg equation?

A

p = dominant frequency

q = recessive frequency

p^2 = homozygous dominant frequency

2pq = heterozygous frequency

q^2 = homozygous recessive frequency

39
Q

Reproductive isolation

behavioral isolation

geographic isolation

temporal isolation

A

when members of two populations cannot interbreed and produce fertile offspring

when two population ARE CAPABLE of inbreeding but have differences in courtship rituals or other reproductive strategies that involves behavior

two populations are separated by geographic barriers such as rivers, mountains, or bodies of water

two or more species reproduce at different times

40
Q

What are the mechanisms of microevolution?

A

mutations
natural selection
genetic drfit
gene flow
non random mating/ sexual selection

41
Q
A

Bio 9 (8 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions