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Bio 9 > Unit 5b > Flashcards

Unit 5b Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are the parts of a nucleotide?

A

phosphate group

5 carbon sugar deoxyribose; pentose

nitrogenous base

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2
Q

_________ hold together the nucleotide. But __________ hold the nitrogenous bases together.

A

covalent bonds, weak hydrogen bonds

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3
Q

purines are __________ and are _______________.

pyrimidines are _________ and are __________.

A

adenine, guanine, structure has two rings

cytosine, thymine, single ring structure

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4
Q

The ___________ of DNA is formed by sugar and phosphate groups of each nucleotide.

A

backbone, sugar phosphate backbone

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5
Q

Chargaff’s rule: _____________

A

percentage of G=C and A=T

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6
Q

__________ molecules contain coded information for making proteins. _________ is a long chain of nucleotides.

The three main differences of DNA vs. RNA:
1.
2.
3.

A

RNA, RNA,

Sugar in RNA is ribose
RNA is single stranded
RNA uses uracil instead of thymine

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7
Q

What are the 3 main RNA?

A

messenger, ribosomal, transfer

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8
Q

___________ consists of DNA that is tightly coiled around proteins called _________. The DNA and histone molecules form a beadlike structure called a _____________

A

chromatin, histones, nucleosome

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9
Q

DNA is anti _______. The head of one strand of DNA is _______________. The tail of the other strand is ____________. The phosphate is ______ and the pentose is ____.

A

parallel, 5’, 3’, 5’, 3’

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10
Q

free nucleotides can be added to _________ but NOT the _________. this is important for DNA replication.

A

3’, 5’

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11
Q

DNA helicase _____________
DNA polymerase _____________-
Topoisomerase ____________
DNA primase ________________
DNA ligase _______________.

A

unravels DNA molecule

adds DNA molecules to the developing DNA strand

stabilizes/organizes the unraveled DNA molecule

adds RNA primer

stitches together Okazaki fragments

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12
Q

All chromosomes have a base sequences called __________. DNA replicates in both directions forming ______________

A

origin of replication (ori), two replication forks

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13
Q

______________ uses energy from ATP hydrolysis to unwind the DNA by _____________.

There will be _________ replication bubbles with 2 replication forks each formed during DNA synthesis

A

DNA helicase, breaking hydrogen bonds between base pairs, multiple

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14
Q

DNA primase adds the ____________ that attracts _________. This is required to start DNA replication. This is a short strand of RNA. Then —— begins adding nucleotides to the _________ of the primer.

A

RNA primer, DNA polymerase, DNA polymerase, 3’

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15
Q

DNA polymerase moves along the DNA strands in the ___________ direction but is making a DNA strand that is ____________.

The _______ is pointing in the correct direction for replication

The _______ is in the wrong direction which makes the DNA polymerase move back then go forward.

Synthesis of the —— occurs in small _________ stretches and results in ___________.

The lagging strand needs many _________.

A

3’ to 5’, 5’ to 3’ , leading, lagging, discontinuous, Okazaki fragments, RNA primers

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16
Q

To prevent DNA from shrinking, cells have _________. _________ is active in cells that divide frequently, but inactive in most adult cells. This enzyme extends telomeres.

A

telomeres, telomerase

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17
Q

DNA polymerase ___________ as it goes.

A

proofread.

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18
Q

Two identical DNA molecules are formed each with an old strand and a new strand. This is called __________________.

A

semi-conservative replication

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19
Q

The ________ strand is where a new _______ strand is formed.

A

template, complementary

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20
Q

What does messenger, ribosomal, and transfer RNA do?

A

carries the instructions for making amino acids into proteins

part of the ribosome

transfers amino acids to the ribosome as it is specified in the messages in the mRNA

21
Q

protein synthesis takes place in two steps: ________________.

A

transcription, translation

22
Q

DNA cannot leave the nucleus so _________ takes place so that it can be transferred to the ribosome.

A

transcription

23
Q

what is a promoter?

A

a REGION of DNA where proteins bind to initiate transcription of that gene. usually before a gene

24
Q

______________ binds to the DNA promoter where transcription is to begin and then ____________ the gene that needs to be copied. Looks for the _______ as a signal. Only the _____________ is used.

A

RNA polymerase, unwinds, TATA box, template strand

25
Q

_______ is being added during transcription instead of thymine. RNA polymerase uses complementary base paring rules to match RNA nucleotides with the exposed DNA molecules.

A

uracil

26
Q

RNA is made in the _______ direction but the DNA template is read in the ___________ direction.

A

5’ to 3’, 3’ to 5’

27
Q

In transcription during
initiation - __________
elongation - ________
termination - ________________

A

DNA unwinds at initiation site

RNA polymerase creates antiparallel transcript using RNA nucleotides (no proofreading)

specified by a specific DNA base sequence; the DNA is zipped back up

28
Q

RNA polymerase knows when to start and stop because it will only go to __________________.

A

promoters

29
Q

After transcription __________ takes place. ________ are removed because they are not involved in coding for proteins. __________ are kept because they are involved in protein synthesis.

A

RNA editing, introns, exons

30
Q

During RNA editing a ________ is added and a _________.

A

5’ cap, 3’ tail

31
Q

A codon is _______________.

A

a three letter word in RNA. This specifies a specific amino acid to be added to the polypeptide

32
Q

AUG is a __________ for protein synthesis

A

start codon

33
Q

_____________ is the process to read and follow the instructions carried on the mRNA to make a polypeptide.

A

translation

34
Q

the ________ moves during translation not the mRNA strand. This reads the instructions and makes the polypeptide.

A

ribosome

35
Q

The mRNA attaches to the ____________. The RIBOSOME reads the mRNA codons in the _________ direction starting at AUG.

A

ribosome, 5’to3’

36
Q

The large subunit of the ribosome has three tRNA binding sites.

____________

_________

_______

A

A site - binds with the anticodon

P site - where tRNA adds its amino acid to the growing chain

E site - where tRNA sites before being released.

37
Q

read notes on translation and transcription

A

read

38
Q

the amino acid is attached on the _________ and it drops it off to match with each codon. When the stop codon is reached the ribosome releases the competed polypeptide chain.

A

tRNA

39
Q

Each tRNA also has three unpaired bases which are called ______________. these are complementary to the one mRNA codon

A

anticodons

40
Q

the polypeptide chain is connected through ____________.

A

peptide bonds

41
Q

mutations are __________. gene mutations are _____. chromosomal mutations are ________.

A

changes in the genetic material, changes in a single gene, changes in whole chromosomes

42
Q

________ changes in one or a few nucleotides. _______ are bases changed to another.

A

point mutations, substitution

43
Q

________ is a shift in the reading frame of the genetic message. _________ is where a base is inserted and a _______ is where a base is deleted.

A

frameshift, insertion, deletion

44
Q

4 types of chromosomal mutations

  3. 4.
A

deletions
duplication
inversion
translocation

45
Q

deletion is
duplication is
inversion
translocation

A

loss of all or part of a chromosome

produce extra copies of parts of a chromosome

reverse the direction of parts of chromosomes

part of one chromosome breaks off and attaches to another

46
Q

what is
nonsense
silent
missense
missense conservative
missense non conservative

A

convert codon to a stop codon

doesn’t change the amino acid coded for by the codon

change in the amino acid coded for by the codon

amino acid is similar/does the same thing as the original amino acid

amino acid is completely different

47
Q

_________ helps to limit the impact of mutations. It means information is expressed more than once.

A

codon redundancy

48
Q

What is the TATA box?

A

a non-coding DNA sequence; indicates the point at which a genetic sequence can be read and decoded.it is located in the promoter region

Bio 9 (8 decks)

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