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Bio 9 > Unit 4 > Flashcards

Unit 4 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Cell theory =
1. _________________________
2. _________________________
3. __________________________

A

all living things are composed of cells, cells are the basic unit of structure and function in living things, new cells are produced from existing cells

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2
Q
A
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3
Q

Cell theory is
1. _____________
2. ___________
3. __________

A

all living things are composed of cells, cells are the basic unit of structure and function in living things, new cells are produced from existing cells

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4
Q

all cells contain ___________. and they have a membrane which is also known as _________________

A

DNA and organelles, phospholipid bilayer

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5
Q

What are the structural organelles?

A

cytoplasm, cytoskeleton, spindle fibers, centrioles

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6
Q

What are the functions of
Cytoplasm
Cytoskeleton
Centrioles
Spindle Fibers

A

supports and contains all internal cell organelles, gel like fluid

aids cellular movement and structural support; composed of microfilaments and microtubules; transportation system

organize cell division

move and separate chromosomes

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7
Q

What organelles produce macromolecules?

A

ribosomes
smooth and rough ER
Golgi apparatus
chloroplast
mitochondria

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8
Q

What are the functions of
ribosome
smooth and rough ER
golgi apparatus
chloroplast
mitochondria

A

produce proteins

rough: makes proteins and is covered in ribosomes

smooth: produces lipids

proteins from ER are modified, fixed, and repaired for storage or transport

cellular respiration, makes ATP and oxygen

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9
Q

Which organelles transport, store, and recycle macromolecules?

A

vesicles, vacuoles, lysosomes

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10
Q

What are the functions of
vesicles
vacuoles
lysosomes

A

phospholipid bilayer, pinching off other organelles to transport in/out of the cell

modified vesicle, store nutrients

modified vesicle, breaks down old organelles and excess macromolecules

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11
Q

Which organelles protect the cell from harm?

A

nucleus, cell membrane, cell wall, capsule, peroxisome

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12
Q

what are the functions of
nucleus
cell membrane
cell wall
capsule,
peroxisome

A

protects DNA

phospholipid bilayer (polarized head non polar tails) , selective permeability

riding strong, around the cell membrane and is impermeable

additional layer, dense, only in bacteria

modified vesicle, similar to lysosomes, protects from toxins and chemicals

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13
Q

ribosomes are made in the ____________.

A

nucleolus

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14
Q

What are some organelles that animal cells have but plants cells do not.

A

no lysosomes (rare)
no centrioles

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15
Q

______ molecules are embedded in the bilayer.

A

protein

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16
Q

particles move from ____________ and will continue to diffuse until __________ is reached . ——— us the concentration of the solute is the same throughout the system. When this is reached particles move across the membrane in both directions

A

high to low, equilibrium

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17
Q

diffusion requires no energy. What type of particles can go through the membrane?

A

small, uncharged

18
Q

___________ - diffusion of water through a semi-permeable membrane

A

osmosis

19
Q

The higher the solute concentration the _________ the concentration of water. The lower the solute concentration the _________ the concentration of water.

A

lower, higher,

20
Q

________ = two solution are equal in concentration on both sides of the membrane

_________ concentration IN the cell is lower than the solution outside; higher concentration of water inside the cell; this causes the water to move _____________

________ concentration in the cell is higher than outside; lower concentration of water in the cell. This causes ____________

A

isotonic, hypertonic, out, hypotonic, in

21
Q

____________ - cell membrane protein channels let molecules cross.

This does NOT require ________.

There are specific channels for specific substances

A

facilitated diffusion, energy

22
Q

_______________
- no energy
- natural processes
- slower
- cell can’t build a concentration gradient

______________
- energy
-faster
-allows cell to build a concentration gradient
- against concentration gradient

A

passive transport, active transport

23
Q

What is concentration gradient?

A

the process of particles in a solution moving from high concentration to low concentration

24
Q

larger molecules are transported by _________ and _________

this involves changing in ____________

A

endocytosis - take in, exocytosis - out, the shape of cell membrane

25
Q

A phospholipid has a head that is ____________ and a __________ tail.

A

hydrophilic and polar, hydrophobic and non polar

26
Q

___________ is the relative solute concentration; requires 2 solutions

A

tonicity

27
Q

_________ are channel proteins that allow water to pass through

Water moves by ___________.

A

aquaporins, facilitated diffusion

28
Q

Two reasons why cells divide:
1. ________________
2. ______________

A

the larger it becomes, the more demands placed on DNA

cell has trouble moving nutrients and waste across the cell membrane

29
Q

the rate that substances leave and enter depends on the ______________ of the cell. The rate that food and oxygen are used and waste products produced depends on ___________

A

surface area, volume

30
Q

surface area to volume ratio become smaller as the cell becomes _________.

A

larger

31
Q

cell division creates two __________ daughter cells.

In ________ cell division is just separating contents into 2 parts

In____________, mitosis and __________.

——– is the division of the cytoplasm.

A

identical, prokaryotes, eukaryotes, cytokinesis

32
Q

Mitosis = ____________ -> ___________ ->____________ -> __________ -> ____________

A

prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, cytokinesis

33
Q

What happens during prophase, the longest?

A

chromatin is condensed to make chromosomes; they become visible

centrioles form spindle fibers

nucleolus disappears and the nuclear envelop breaks down

34
Q

What happens in metaphase?

A

spindle fibers connect to centromere

chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell = equatorial plate

35
Q

What happens in anaphase?

A

spindle fibers pull the sister chromatids away, becoming individual chromosomes

chromatids move to opposite ends

ends when the chromosomes stop moving

36
Q

What happens in telophase?

A

chromosomes decondense and turn into chromatin

nuclear membrane forms again

spindle fibers break down

cytokinesis begins

37
Q

During cytokines in

animal cells - _______________

plant cells - _____________

A

cell membrane is drawn inward, cell plate forms midway divide the nuclei

38
Q

_________ is the life of the cell as one cell period of growth

__________ events the cell goes through as it grows and divides

A

interphase, cell cycle

39
Q

The four phases of the cell cycle and what happens in each :
1. _____
2. ________
3. _______
4. ______

A

M - mitosis and cytokinesis -

S - chromosome replication; synthsis

G1 - period of intense growth

G2 - preparation for mitosis

40
Q

What is the order of the cell cycle?

A

M -> G1 -> S -> G2

41
Q
A

Bio 9 (8 decks)

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