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Bio 9 > Unit 5a > Flashcards

Unit 5a Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Bodies have 2 types of cells ____________ which are ___________ and ___________ which are _________.

A

somatic cells, body cells, gametes, sex cells

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2
Q

Somatic cells are _________ whereas gametes are _________

A

diploid, haploid

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3
Q

diploid = _____________

A

2 full sets of chromosomes

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4
Q

homologous means same gene but different ________. There are two types of chromosomes: 1-22 are ____________ and the 23rd is ____________

A

allies, autosomal, sex

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5
Q

sperm + egg = ___________. Ploidy = _____________. Duplicated chromosomes look like _______ and unduplicated look like _______.

A

zygote, number of chromosomes, X, I

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6
Q

Sister chromatids (X) went through ___________. Before Meiosis I _______________ has happened in the cell cycle. Meiosis happens ________.

A

s phase, g1, g2, interphase, twice

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7
Q

The result of meiosis is that one diploid cell becomes _______________.

A

4 haploid

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8
Q

homologous - __________________. A __________ is the chemical factor that determines traits. A _______ crosses one trait which creates a _________.

A

each of the 4 chromosomes from male parent has a corresponding chromosomes from the female parent, gene, monohybrid cross

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9
Q

A ________ crosses 2 traits. The dominant trait always takes over recessive.

A

dihybrid cross

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10
Q

Meiosis is __________________.

A

the process of reduction divisions where the number of chromosomes is cut in half through the separation of homologous chromosomes in a diploid cell

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11
Q

Prior to meiosis - cells undergo DNA replication forming duplicate chromosomes in the _____________.

A

S phase

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12
Q

What happens in prophase 1 in meiosis?

A

nuclear membrane breaks down
centrioles separate and make spindle fibers
Homologous chromosomes PAIR up and become visible
creates a tetrad
CROSSING OVER occurs

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13
Q

A tetrad is _____________. During prophase 1 crossing over occurs which is ________________.

A

cluster of 4 chromatids, exchange portions of chromatids; exchange of alleles

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14
Q

What happens in metaphase 1 in meiosis?

A

homologous chromosomes are lined up in the middle of the cell in PAIRS

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15
Q

What happens in anaphase 1?

A

pairs separate; one chromosome (2 sister chromatids) are pulled away to each side

sister chromatids stay attached

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16
Q

What happens during telophase 1 and cytokinesis during meiosis

A

chromosome gather at the poles

nuclear membrane MAY reform

cytoplasm divides into 2 cells

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17
Q

What is the result of meiosis 1?

A

2 haploid daughter cells that still have the duplicated chromosomes and are different from original diploid cells

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18
Q

What happens in prophase II of meiosis?

A

nuclear membrane brakes down

spindle fibers form AND ATTACH to the centromeres of the sister chromatids

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19
Q

What happens in Metaphase II of meiosis?

A

sister chromatids line up in the middle

20
Q

What happens in anaphase II of meiosis?

A

sister chromatids separate and are pulled away

21
Q

What happens in telophase II and cytokinesis in meiosis?

A

nuclear membrane reforms

spindle fibers disappear

cytoplasm divides

22
Q

What is the result of meiosis II?

A

4 haploid, genetically unique, daughter cells. They each have an unduplicated chromosomes/chromatid

23
Q

________ restores the diploid number. In females the cell divisions at the end of meiosis I and meiosis II are uneven so the ___________ receives the most cytoplasm. The other three bodies are known as __________ and usually do not participate in reproduction

A

fertilization, egg, polar bodies

24
Q

genes that __________ do not influence each other’s ________.

A

segregate independently, inheritance

25
Q

What is the principles of independence assortment?

A

genes for different traits can SEGREGATE INDEPENDENTLY during the formation of gamete. Independent assortment helps account for the many genetic variations observed in plants, animals, and other organisms

26
Q

__________ is where one allele is not completely dominant over another. The ___________ phenotype is a mix of the two homozygous phenotypes.

A

incomplete dominance, heterozygous

27
Q

__________ is where both alleles contribute to the phenotype. ROUGH MIXTURE NOT EVENLY BLENDED .

A

codominance

28
Q

______________ is where genes have more than 2 alleles.

C > C^ch > C^h>C

A

multiple alleles

29
Q

What is an examples of the law of independent assortment?

A

being tall does not affect eye color

30
Q

Blood types are an example of ____________ and ___________

——— Blood type AB is fully A and fully B

———– Alleles I^a, I^b, i

A

codominance, multiple alleles

31
Q

What are the genotypes?

O
A
B
AB

A

ii

I^AI^A or I^Ai

I^BI^B or I^Bi

I^AI^B

32
Q

What are the antigen and antibodies?

O
A
B
AB

A

none, Anti A and Anti B

A, anti B

B, anti A

A and B, none

33
Q

read notes on blood types

A

read

34
Q

a _________ is a picture of the chromosomes arranged in pairs.

A

karyotype

35
Q

Sex chromosome determine an individual’s sex:

Females = ________
Males = ___________

The ______ chromosome is larger than the _________.

A

XX, XY, X, Y

36
Q

All human ________ carry a single X chromosome (23, X). HALF of all __________ carry X and half carry y. Half zygotes will be 46,XX and 46,XY

A

egg cells, sperm cells

37
Q

Autosomal recessive disorder _______________. Read notes on disorders.

A

recessive genes on the autosomal chromosome cause the disease

38
Q

________ are genes found on sex chromosomes. Males have just one X chromosomes, thus ______ X linked alleles are expressed in males even if they are ________. For Females there must be _______ of the alleles to be expressed.

X^nY - __________, XY - not affected

X^nX^n - __________ X^HX^h - _______

A

sex linked genes, all, recessive, 2, affected, affected, not affected

39
Q

Read notes on disorders

A

read

40
Q

________ shows the relationship within the family to track a trait.

A

Pedigree

41
Q

What is autosomal recessive inheritance?

A

individuals expressing a trait has 2 normal parents

two affected parents cannot have an unaffected child.

42
Q

What is Autosomal dominant inheritance?

A

every affected has at least one affected parent

each generation will have affect individuals

43
Q

What is sex linked recessive?

A

no father to son transmission

predominantly males affected

trait may skip generations

44
Q

46,XX = _______ 46, XY = ______

A

females, males

45
Q

sickle cell is caused by _____________.

colorblindness and hemophilia is an ____________ genetic disorder.

X linked recessive is more common in _____________ when men pass X linked to daughter the daughter’s son may have it (skips _____________)

A

codominant alleles, x linked, males, generations

46
Q

nondisjunction is __________________

A

homologous chromosomes fail to separate evenly

47
Q

45,X = ____________
47,XXY = ___________

A

turners, klinefelters

Bio 9 (8 decks)

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