unit 7 Flashcards
darwins theory
individuals show variation, variations are heritable, more offspring are born than can survive, variations that increase the reproductive success will be more common
charles darwin
known for his contribution to the science of evolution
artificial selection
people decide what traits they want an organism to have to create favorable offspring
natural selection
some competitors would be better equipped for survival than others, those less equipped would die
camouflage
adaption that allows an organism to blend in to its surroundings
mimicry
morphological adaptation where a species evolves to resemble another species
fossil record
help us understand evolution since they are a record of species that lived long ago
derived traits
newly evolved features that do not appear in common ancestors
ancestral traits
shared by species and common ancestors
vestigial structures
features that are the reduced forms of functional structures in other organisms, ex: appendix or wings of flightless birds
analogous structurer
have the similar function but differ in anatomy
what are the three domains?
bacteria, archaea, eukarya
what are the six kingdoms?
eubacteria, archaebacteria, protista, fungi, plantae, animalia
what is domain bacteria?
the kingdom is eubacteria, prokaryotes, most are heterotrophs, cell walls contain peptidoglycan
what is domain archaea?
the kingdom is archaebacteria, most are heterotrophs, more ancient than eubacteria, lack peptidoglycan in cell walls
what is domain eukarya?
all eukaryotes have nucleus and MBOs, contain the kingdoms protista, fungi, plantae, and animalia
what is the kingdom protista?
protists are eukaryotic, can be plant-like, animal-like, and fungus-like
what is the kingdom fungi?
eukaryote, heterotroph, lacks mobility, cell walls contain chitin, have hyphae for feeding and growth
what is the kingdom plantae?
cell walls composed of cellulose, many possess chloroplasts for photosynthesis
what is the kingdom animalia?
all are heterotrophs, multicellular eukaryotes, cells organized into tissues and organs
what is a virus?
nucleic acid surrounded by a protein coast, not considered living, not in the biological classification system
what is speciation?
the formation of a new species from a pre-existing species
classification
grouping of objects or organisms based on a set of criteria
what did aristotle accomplish?
developed the first widely accepted classification system
what was aristotle’s system?
organisms were plants or animals, divide animals into red blooded and bloodless, divided them based on habitat, average size, and structure
what was linnaeus’s system?
was based on observations of morphology and habitat, named organisms with binomial nomenclature ex: panthera tigris means tiger
what are taxonomic categories?
divided organisms into smaller groups based on more specific criteria, arranged from broadest to most specific
what is a taxon?
a named group of organisms
what is a genus?
a group of species that are closely related and share a common ancestor
what is an order?
related families
what is a class?
related orders
what is a phylum?
related classes
what is a kingdom?
related phyla
what is a domain?
the broadest taxon and contains one or more kingdoms
what is phylogeny?
the evolutionary history of a species
what are cladistics?
classifying organisms according to the order that they diverged from a common ancestor
what is a cladogram?
a branching diagram that represents the evolutionary history of a species or group
what are roots?
the initial ancestors common to all organisms
what is a node?
correspond to a hypothetical common ancestor that give rise to two or more
what is a clade?
common ancestor and all of its descendants
what is an outgroup?
the most distantly related species in the cladogram?
what did francesco redi accomplish?
in 1668 he showed that flies and maggots did not arise spontaneously from rotting meat
what is spontaneous generation?
the idea that life arises from nonlife
what is the germ theory?
certain diseases are caused by the invasion of the body by microorganisms
prediction about how the first life-form appeared
simple organic molecules —> macromolecules —> protocells —> prokaryotes —> photosynthesizing prokaryotes —> eukaryotes
what was the miller-urey experiment?
believed that life could have formed by nothing more than simple chemical reactions
