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biology > unit 3 > Flashcards

unit 3 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

prokaryotic cell characteristics

A

small and less complex, no nucleus, no MBOs, ex: bacteria and archaea

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2
Q

eukaryotic cell characteristics

A

big and more complex, has MBOs, has nucleus, ex: plants, animals, fungi, protista

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3
Q

what do eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells both have

A

DNA, ribosomes, cytoplasm, and cell membranes

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4
Q

cell membrane

A

boundary of the cell, controls what goes in and out of the cell

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5
Q

cytoplasm

A

jelly-like fluid present between the nucleus and plasma membrane

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6
Q

cytoskeleton

A

helps maintain the cell’s shape

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7
Q

nucleus

A

contains DNA

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8
Q

nucleolus

A

ball-like mass of fibers located in the nucleus that makes ribosomes

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9
Q

ribosomes

A

protein synthesis

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10
Q

rough ER

A

protein synthesis, called rough because it is studded with ribosomes

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11
Q

smooth ER

A

lipid synthesis

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12
Q

golgi apparatus

A

modifies, sorts, and packages proteins

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13
Q

centrioles

A

help organize cell divisions

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14
Q

mitochondria

A

produce energy (ATP)

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15
Q

chloroplast

A

photosynthesis

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16
Q

cell wall

A

protects the cell and helps maintain it’s shape

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17
Q

differences between animal and plant cells

A

plant cells have centrioles, chloroplast, cell wall, and vacuole sites

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18
Q

diffusion

A

movement of particles from higher to lower concentration

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19
Q

passive transport

A

high to low, no energy

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20
Q

active transport

A

molecules move against the concentration gradient, need energy

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21
Q

channel protein

A

create openings in the cell membrane to allowed specific molecules to pass through, helps in simple diffusion (passive transport)

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22
Q

carrier protein

A

allow specific molecules to move across the cell membrane, helps in facilitated diffusion (passive transport)

23
Q

osmosis

A

the diffusion of water

24
Q

hypotonic solution

A

outside<inside, water moves into cell and expands

25
Q

isotonic solution

A

outside=inside, cell remains constant

26
Q

hypertonic solution

A

outside<inside, water moves out of cell and swells

27
Q

endocytosis

A

form vacuoles, involves the uptake of substances into the cell

28
Q

exocytosis

A

released vacuoles, involves the release of substances from the cell

29
Q

facilitated diffusion

A

high to low concentration, with protein

30
Q

simple diffusion

A

high to low concentration, no protein

31
Q

fluid mosaic model

A

phospholipid bilayer, cholesterol, carbohydrates, proteins

32
Q

carbohydrates role in cell membrane

A

helps identify signals

33
Q

proteins role in cell membrane

A

transport, receptor, etc.

34
Q

cholesterol in cell membrane

A

maintain fluidity

35
Q

phospholipid head

A

polar, hydrophilic

36
Q

phospholipid tail

A

non-polar, hydrophobic

36
Q

plant cells

A

rectangular, have chloroplasts, large central vacuole, cell wall, and no centrioles

37
Q

animal cells

A

round, have many small vacuoles, centrioles, no chloroplasts or cell wall

38
Q

plasma membrane

A

has selective permeability, allows some substances to pass through while keeping others out

39
Q

plasma mebrane boundary

A

thin and flexible, located between a cell and its environment

40
Q

benefits of the plasma membranes phospholipids

A

phospohlipid bilayer (two layers) helps it exist in a watery environment

41
Q

polar heads are facing

A

outside and cytoplasm

42
Q

nonpolar tails are facing

A

inside the cell membrane

43
Q

what does plasma membrane contain

A

phospholipid bilayer, cholesterol, proteins, and carbohydrates

44
Q

endocytosis

A

taking in external materials to form a vacuole

45
Q

what are the parts of the cell theory?

A

all organisms are made of cells, all existing cells are produced by other living cells, the cell is the most basic unit of life

46
Q

who was the first to observe living microorganisms through a microscope?

A

leeuwenhoek

47
Q

who observed cork and named cells?

A

hooke

48
Q

who studied plant cells?

A

schleiden

49
Q

who studied animal cells?

A

schwann

50
Q

who concluded that all cells come from preexisting cells?

A

virchow

51
Q

what is binary fission?

A

asexual reproduction by a separation of the body into two new bodies

52
Q

what is pinocytosis?

A

energy consuming process where solutes and fluids are taken up into a cell

53
Q

what is phagocytosis?

A

surrounding and destroying bacteria and removing dead cells

biology (8 decks)

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