unit 3 Flashcards
prokaryotic cell characteristics
small and less complex, no nucleus, no MBOs, ex: bacteria and archaea
eukaryotic cell characteristics
big and more complex, has MBOs, has nucleus, ex: plants, animals, fungi, protista
what do eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells both have
DNA, ribosomes, cytoplasm, and cell membranes
cell membrane
boundary of the cell, controls what goes in and out of the cell
cytoplasm
jelly-like fluid present between the nucleus and plasma membrane
cytoskeleton
helps maintain the cell’s shape
nucleus
contains DNA
nucleolus
ball-like mass of fibers located in the nucleus that makes ribosomes
ribosomes
protein synthesis
rough ER
protein synthesis, called rough because it is studded with ribosomes
smooth ER
lipid synthesis
golgi apparatus
modifies, sorts, and packages proteins
centrioles
help organize cell divisions
mitochondria
produce energy (ATP)
chloroplast
photosynthesis
cell wall
protects the cell and helps maintain it’s shape
differences between animal and plant cells
plant cells have centrioles, chloroplast, cell wall, and vacuole sites
diffusion
movement of particles from higher to lower concentration
passive transport
high to low, no energy
active transport
molecules move against the concentration gradient, need energy
channel protein
create openings in the cell membrane to allowed specific molecules to pass through, helps in simple diffusion (passive transport)
carrier protein
allow specific molecules to move across the cell membrane, helps in facilitated diffusion (passive transport)
osmosis
the diffusion of water
hypotonic solution
outside<inside, water moves into cell and expands
isotonic solution
outside=inside, cell remains constant
hypertonic solution
outside<inside, water moves out of cell and swells
endocytosis
form vacuoles, involves the uptake of substances into the cell
exocytosis
released vacuoles, involves the release of substances from the cell
facilitated diffusion
high to low concentration, with protein
simple diffusion
high to low concentration, no protein
fluid mosaic model
phospholipid bilayer, cholesterol, carbohydrates, proteins
carbohydrates role in cell membrane
helps identify signals
proteins role in cell membrane
transport, receptor, etc.
cholesterol in cell membrane
maintain fluidity
phospholipid head
polar, hydrophilic
phospholipid tail
non-polar, hydrophobic
plant cells
rectangular, have chloroplasts, large central vacuole, cell wall, and no centrioles
animal cells
round, have many small vacuoles, centrioles, no chloroplasts or cell wall
plasma membrane
has selective permeability, allows some substances to pass through while keeping others out
plasma mebrane boundary
thin and flexible, located between a cell and its environment
benefits of the plasma membranes phospholipids
phospohlipid bilayer (two layers) helps it exist in a watery environment
polar heads are facing
outside and cytoplasm
nonpolar tails are facing
inside the cell membrane
what does plasma membrane contain
phospholipid bilayer, cholesterol, proteins, and carbohydrates
endocytosis
taking in external materials to form a vacuole
what are the parts of the cell theory?
all organisms are made of cells, all existing cells are produced by other living cells, the cell is the most basic unit of life
who was the first to observe living microorganisms through a microscope?
leeuwenhoek
who observed cork and named cells?
hooke
who studied plant cells?
schleiden
who studied animal cells?
schwann
who concluded that all cells come from preexisting cells?
virchow
what is binary fission?
asexual reproduction by a separation of the body into two new bodies
what is pinocytosis?
energy consuming process where solutes and fluids are taken up into a cell
what is phagocytosis?
surrounding and destroying bacteria and removing dead cells
