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biology > unit 5 > Flashcards

unit 5 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

3 parts of the cell cycle

A

interphase, mitosis, cytokinesis

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2
Q

chromosomes

A

structures that contain the genetic material, condensed form of DNA

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3
Q

chromatin

A

relaxed form of DNA in the cells nucleus

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4
Q

mitosis

A

cells replicated genetic material separates, cell prepares to split into two daughter cells (during cytokinesis)

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5
Q

key activity of mitosis

A

accurate separation of the cells replicated DNA

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6
Q

prophase

A

first and longest stage of mitosis, nuclear membrane breaks down, nucleolus disappears, cells chromatin condenses into chromosomes

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7
Q

sister chromatids

A

structures that have identical copies of DNA, attached by centromere

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8
Q

centromere

A

links a pair of sister chromatids during mitosis

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9
Q

spindle apparatus

A

formed with spindle fibers, centrioles, and aster fibers as prophase continues, attaches to each of the sister chromatids before mitosis

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10
Q

metaphase

A

second and shortest phase, sister chromatids are pulled along the spindle apparatus toward the center of the cell, line up in the middle of the cell forming a metaphase plate

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11
Q

anaphase

A

sister chromatids are pulled apart, sister chromatids separate, they are now chromosomes and move toward the poles of the cell

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12
Q

telophase

A

chromosomes arrive at the poles and begin to decondense, two new nuclear membranes begin to form and the nucleoli reappear, spindle apparatus disassembles

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13
Q

cytokinesis

A

two daughter nuclei have formed, animal cells form cleavage furrow, plant cells form cell plate

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14
Q

cancer

A

uncontrolled growth and division of cells

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15
Q

mutations

A

cause the growth and division of cancer cells

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16
Q

benign tumors

A

a lump of abnormal cells remain at the original site

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17
Q

malignant tumors

A

invade surrounding tissues and can metastasize, may form secondary tumors in other parts of the body

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18
Q

what does DNA stand for

A

deoxyribonucleic acid

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19
Q

dna codes for

A

proteins

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20
Q

dna is found in

A

the nucleus

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21
Q

proteins are needed in

A

immune system, hair/skin/nails, muscles, nervous sytem, enzymes

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22
Q

nucleotide

A

monomer of nucleic acids that consists of 5 carbon sugar, phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base

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23
Q

four nitrogenous bases for DNA

A

adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine

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24
Q

four nitrogenous bases for RNA

A

adenine, guanine, cytosine, uracil

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25
Q

dna is often compared to a

A

twisted ladder or double helix

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26
Q

rails of the ladder of DNA are represented by

A

alternating deoxyribose sugar and phosphate

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27
Q

steps of the ladder of DNA are represented by

A

the pairs of bases (C-G and T-A)

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28
Q

purine base

A

always binds to a pyrimidine base

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29
Q

purine bases consist of

A

adenine and guanine

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30
Q

pyrimidine bases consist of

A

cytosine, thymine, uracil

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31
Q

sugar and phosphate make up the backbone of DNA and are joined by

A

covalent bonds

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32
Q

nitrogen bases will join the complementary stand with a

A

hydrogen bond

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33
Q

semiconservative replication

A

parental strands of DNA separate, serve as templates, and produce DNA molecules that have one old strand and one new one

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34
Q

unwinding

A
35
Q

pairing

A
36
Q

joining

A
37
Q

DNA helicase

A

unwinds the helix, breaking the hydrogen bonds between bases

38
Q

single-strand binding proteins

A

keep the DNA strands separate during replication

39
Q

primase

A

adds a short segment of RNA primer on each DNA strand

40
Q

DNA polymerase

A

adds appropriate nucleotides to the new DNA strand at the 3’ end

41
Q

leading strand

A

built continuously

42
Q

lagging strand

A

built discontinuously in small segments called okazaki fragments

43
Q

DN polymerase removes

A

the RNA primer and fills in the place with DNA nucleotides

44
Q

DNA ligase

A

links the two DNA strands together

45
Q

DNA replication in eukaryotes

A

DNA unwinds in multiple areas

46
Q

DNA replication in prokaryotes

A

circular DNA strand is opened at one origin

47
Q

biotechnology

A

using organisms to perform practical tasks for humans, produce a product for the betterment of humans

48
Q

recombinant DNA technology

A

combining DNA from different sources into a single DNA molecule

49
Q

action of restriction enzymes

A

cut DNA at specific sequences, restriction site

50
Q

what can we do with biotechnology

A

make a genetically modified organism, ex: GMO food keeping pests and diseases out of the way

51
Q

polymerase chain reaction

A

producing multiple copies of a DNA sample, when heated DNA will separate into two single stranded fragments

52
Q

CRISPR

A

technology that can be used to edit genes, a way of finding a specific bit of DNA inside a cell

53
Q

gel electrophoresis

A

dna molecules are cut with restriction enzymes , pieces are separated by size, DNA has a negative charge it will be attracted to positive end of the gel

54
Q

how could you use gel electrophoresis

A

DNA fingerprints

55
Q

what causes a mutation

A

an error that results in a change in the DNA sequence

56
Q

gregor mendel

A

looked for the molecule involved in inheritance

57
Q

frederick griffith

A

performed experiment with a bacteria in 1928, was the first major experiment searching for genetic material

58
Q

oswald avery

A

in 1931 he identified that DNA was the molecule that transformed the R strain of the bacteria into the S strain

59
Q

alfred hershey and martha chase

A

in 1952 they published the results of their experiment with bacteriophages, a type of virus that infects bacteria

60
Q

what did hershey and chase use to trace bacteriophage DNA and protein

A

radioactive labeling

61
Q

conclusion of the experiment of hershey and chase

A

only radioactive phosphorus, not sulfur, was detected inside the infected bacterial cells

62
Q

point mutation

A

results in a change from one nucleotide to another, either no issue or big issue

63
Q

types of point mutations

A

missense, nonsense, silent

64
Q

missense

A

has changed one nucleotide in the sequence, amino acid sequence will change, ex: sickle cell anemia is caused by a missense mutation that doesn’t allow hemoglobin protein to fold right

65
Q

nonsense

A

has changed on nucleotide in the sequence to a stop codon, the protein will stop before its complete, ex: thalassemia (a milder form of sickle cell anemia)

66
Q

silent

A

has changed one nucleotide in the sequence, no change in the resulting amino acid or protein

67
Q

insertion (frameshift mutation)

A

a nucleotide is inserted into the stand, changes all the remaining amino acids and the resulting protein !

68
Q

deletion (frameshift mutation)

A

a single nucleotide has been deleted, changes all the remaining amino acids and the resulting protein !

69
Q

mitosis type of cells

A

somatic (body cells)

70
Q

meiosis type of cells

A

sex cellls

71
Q

how many cell divisions are in mitosis

A

1

72
Q

how many cell divisions are in meiosis

A

2

73
Q

products of mitosis

A

2 diploid (2n) daughter cells

74
Q

products of meiosis

A

4 haploid (n) daughter cells

75
Q

are daughter cells in mitosis identical or unique

A

identical

76
Q

are daughter cells in meiosis identical or unique

A

unique

77
Q

how many chromosomes are in human cells (mitosis)

A

46

78
Q

how many chromosomes are in human cells (meiosis)

A

23

79
Q

what did rosalind franklin accomplish?

A
80
Q

what did watson & crick accomplish?

A

in 1953 they discovered that the shape of a DNA molecule is a double helix

81
Q

what is tDNA?

A

RNA molecule that serves as an adaptor between the mRNA and the growing chain of amino acids that make up a protein

82
Q

what is mRNA?

A

genetic material that tells your body how to make proteins, the messenger

83
Q

what is a codon?

A

a sequence of three nucleotides that correspond to an amino acid

84
Q

what is an anticodon?

A

a sequence of three nucleotides that are complementary to codons

biology (8 decks)

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