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unit 2 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what is matter?

A

anything that has mass and takes up space

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2
Q

what are atoms?

A

building blocks of matter

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3
Q

what are atoms are made up of?

A

protons, neutrons, and electrons

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4
Q

what are elements?

A

pure substances that cannot be broken down

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5
Q

what are the main 4 elements of living things?

A

hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon

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6
Q

what are trace elements?

A

iodine, flourine, iron

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7
Q

what are compounds?

A

2 or more different elements combined

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8
Q

what is water?

A

compound formed by hydrogen and oxygen

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9
Q

what are chemical bonds?

A

force that holds substances together

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10
Q

how can atoms become more stable?

A

by losing or adding electrons from other atoms

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11
Q

what is a covalent bond?

A

share electrons (nonmetal and nonmetal)

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12
Q

what is a ionic bond?

A

transfer electrons (metal and nonmetal)

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13
Q

what are the ends of a water molecule?

A

hydrogen ends are positive and oxygen ends are negative

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14
Q

what is the distribution of electrons in water molecule?

A

unequal, results in oppositely charged regions

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15
Q

what is the hydrogen bond?

A

(hydrogen and lone pair)

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16
Q

how much water is in living things?

A

50-70%

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17
Q

how does water benefit chemical reactions?

A

makes reactions in your body possible

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18
Q

what is cohesion?

A

like molecules attract each other, ex: water molecules stick together to form ocean

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19
Q

what is adhesion?

A

different molecules attract each other, ex: tape sticks to paper

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20
Q

what is high surface tension?

A

water has it, strong “skin” allows things to float on it

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21
Q

what is a capillary action?

A

water moving up a thin tube by itself, ex: meniscus in a graduated cylinder bc water sticks to the glass

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22
Q

what is a meniscus?

A

curve at the surface of a liquid, especially in a graduated cylinder

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23
Q

why does ice float on liquid water?

A

its less dense, ice has more “ordered” hydrogen bonds

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24
Q

whats the greatest water density?

A

4 celsius

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25
Q

why is it important for ice to float?

A

animals are part of habitats that contain ice ex: polar bears, if ice freezes all life underwater will be gone

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26
Q

what is a solvent?

A

liquid that dissolves something, ex: water or something

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27
Q

what is a solute?

A

substance being dissolved, ex: salt

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28
Q

how is a solution created?

A

solvent + solute

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29
Q

what are hydration shells?

A

ionic compounds are surrounded by these clusters of water molecules, allow particles to spread out evenly in the water

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30
Q

what is a hydrophilic substance?

A

substance attracted to water

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31
Q

what is a hydrophobic substance?

A

substance not attracted to water

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32
Q

what is the pH of water?

A

7 bc its neither acidic or basic in its pure state, pH changes when substances are dissolved in it

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33
Q

describe high specific heat in water

A

takes a lot of energy to raise temperature of water, it can take in a lot of heat without it rising much

34
Q

what is evaporative cooling?

A

evaporation helps cool air, liquid evaporates -> remaining surface cools

35
Q

what does an adequate diet consist of?

A

fuels, raw materials, essential nutrients

36
Q

what is fuel?

A

contains proteins, carbs, and fats the body can use to make ATP

37
Q

what are raw materials?

A

used for biosynthesis, ex: chains of carbon molecules or amino acids

38
Q

what are essential nutrients?

A

substances that the animal cannot make for itself, ex: vitamins

39
Q

what are organic molecules?

A

molecules that contain carbon, ex: carbs and proteins

40
Q

what are inorganic molecules?

A

minerals that don’t contain carbon, ex: calcium or iron

41
Q

why does your body need water?

A

so it can get rid of wastes, keep temperature stable and protect your spinal cord and tissues

42
Q

what are grains?

A

food group that provide vitamin E, ex: wheat and rice

43
Q

what are vegetables?

A

food group that provide carbs, vitamins A, C, E, etc.

44
Q

what are fruits?

A

food group that provide carbs, vitamins, A, C, E, etc.

45
Q

what is dairy?

A

food group that provide protein, fats, carbs, etc.

46
Q

what is protein?

A

food group that provide complete proteins, fats, etc.

47
Q

how many calories are in one gram of fat?

A

9

48
Q

how many calories are in one gram of carbs?

A

4

49
Q

how many calories are in one gram of protein?

A

4

50
Q

what are enzymes?

A

they are catalysts that speed up chemical reactions in the body

51
Q

how does a chemical reaction start?

A

weak chemical bonds in reactant, get activation energy for molecules to absorb

52
Q

how do enzymes affect activation energy?

A

they lower the amount required to start a chemical reaction

53
Q

what is an active site?

A

where enzyme and substract molecules have a chemical reaction

54
Q

are enzymes specific?

A

yes they usually only work with only 1 substrate, “lock and key”

55
Q

explain the phrase “lock and key”

A

enzyme and substrate fit exactly into one another, have specific shapes

56
Q

what happens to an enzyme at the end of a chemical reaction?

A

enzyme is unchanged and can be reused

57
Q

what is denaturation?

A

changes shape of the enzyme

58
Q

how can temperature affect an enzyme?

A

increases enzyme activity

59
Q

how can a change in pH affect an enzyme?

A

leads to change in shape of active site

60
Q

how does the body use enzymes during digestion?

A

turns nutrients into substances that the digestive tract can absorb, hydrolysis reaction

61
Q

what is a hydrolysis reaction?

A

the breakdown of compounds with the presence of enzymes and its reaction with water

62
Q

what is the monomer for carbohydrates?

A

monosaccharide

63
Q

what is the monomer for proteins?

A

amino acids

64
Q

what is the monomer for nucleic acids?

A

nucleotides

65
Q

what is the polymer for carbohydrates?

A

polysaccharide

66
Q

what is the polymer for proteins?

A

proteins

67
Q

what is the polymer for nucleic acids?

A

nucleic acids

68
Q

what are the elements contained in carbohydrates?

A

C, H, O

69
Q

what are the elements contained in protein?

A

C, H, O, N

70
Q

what are the elements contained in nucleic acids?

A

C, H, O, N, P

71
Q

what are the elements contained in lipids?

A

C and H mostly, also has O

72
Q

what is the function of carbohydrates?

A

source of energy

73
Q

what is the functions of proteins?

A

energy, repair body and tissues

74
Q

what is the function of proteins?

A

genetic info

75
Q

what is the function of lipids?

A

energy storage, steroids, cell membrane

76
Q

what are examples of carbohydrates?

A

glucose and starch

77
Q

what are examples of proteins?

A

enzymes and muscle

78
Q

what are examples of nucleic acids?

A

DNA and RNA

79
Q

lipids example

A

oil and butter

80
Q

what does it mean for water to be a universal solvent?

A

it means that it can dissolve many substances

biology (8 decks)

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