unit 6- the restoration Flashcards
who proceeded Oliver Cromwell?
-Sept 1658 under the terms of the humble petition and advice Richard Cromwell became Lord protector and commander in chief.
what differed between Richard and his father?
-Richard couldn’t rely on the loyalty on the army
what did Richard inherit?
- a power vacuum in which 5 different political groups vied for authority, the army, the republicans, the presbyterians, radical sectaries and the royalists
why and how was the army not unified?
-Charles Fleetwood and a number of senior officers wished to maintain the protectorate but with a different protector who could control the situation.
-lower ranks sided with sectaries who wanted to return to the pre-protectorate days of 1653 and a rump parliament.
what was Richard like as Protector?
-relied on civilian advisors due to difficulty with the army.
-he at first refused to give up position of commander in chief like the army wanted.
-army still resented no pay and were owed 900,000 so Richard had to call parliament to raise money.
what was the third protectorate parliament like?
-republican minority proved much more active and vocal and launched a series of attacks on the legitimacy of the protectorate and their main aim was to get support from the army.
-fearing this would increase the military influence presbyterians suggested that the council of officers should only sit with the permission of parliament and voted to take commands of the militia out of the army and under parliament control.
-officers and ranks demanded that Richard dissolve Parliament, he resisted but eventually gave way after realising that England was on the verge of an army insurrection.
-this meant that power was back in the hands of the army council, who recommended the recalling of the rump to make their power appear less stark and this pleased the republicans.
why did the rump come back?
-officers and ranks demanded that Richard dissolve Parliament, he resisted but eventually gave way after realising that England was on the verge of an army insurrection.
-this meant that power was back in the hands of the army council, who recommended the recalling of the rump to make their power appear less stark and this pleased the republicans.
when did the rump reassemble?
-May 1569
when did Richard resign?
-recalling of the rump 1659 after attempting to summon loyal troops from Ireland and Scotland.
what explains Richard’s failure as Protector?
-inability to fashion a government of free army control
-the strength of the republican campaign against the protectorate
-the financial bankruptcy of his government.
what did the restoration of the rump mean?
-commonwealth without a king, single person or house of lords
-claimed legitimacy as the only authority representing constitutional continuity.
-army was told its duty was to obey the parliament but this disappeared when MPs had no intention of considering their requests for reform or paying them.
how was there a resurgence of radicialism?
-rump had tried to curb the influence of the army by putting the local militia into the hands of extreme sectaries like quakers.
-this excited fears of a takeover by religious fanatics
-talk of church and state being under threat from radical forces and so scattered presbyterian-royalist uprisings took place as an outburst of irritation in response to the rump.
what was Booth’s rising?
-Cheshire Aug 1659
-booth held large parts of the country in defiance of the Rump, called for a free parliament but this was basically the same as calling for Charles to return.
-he held on for a number of weeks believing that Spanish troops would arrive and he eventually surrendered.
what role did John Lambert play?
-crushing of Booth’s uprising had been directed by him and his success put him in the political limelight
-gave his support to an army petition which demanded the Rump’s authority be reduced by creation of an upper house and insisted that the army be granted authority to purge all local corporations who had not actively opposed the recent royalist uprisings.
-the Rump took this as a direct attempt by the army to usurp political authority Haselrig suggested they be removed and imprisoned.
-Oct regiments loyal to Lambert occupied London and forcibly dissolved the rump.
what was the committee of safety?
-in an attempt to give its power a semblance of legality the council appointed a committee of safety which was composed of the officers and a few token civilians to act as an interim government.
what role did Monck play?
-protested at the dissolution of the Rump and negotiated with members of the expelled house who offered him commander in chief and offered him to bring his army to London.
-Army council first tried to dissuade him then they sent Lambert North to intercept him but Lamberts forces were no match for Monck’s.
-this led to widespread disturbances from Oct to Dec notably in Bristol and London and people were openly challenging the government.
what protests were sent in?
-protest petitions poured into the Committee of Safety and to the City of London and Monck also recieved them.
-they had common themes of grim economic disturbances of the day, tyranny of army rule and the need for the restoration of ancient liberties though a free parliament or monarchy.
-this led to the Rump reassembly in Dec 1659.
what was the recalled rump like?
-Dec 1659-Feb 1660
-Desborough, Lambert and Fleetwood were dismissed by the Rump and monck was invited to become commander in chief.
-Rump was in a good position but threw this away by purging the army and half the serving officers were removed.
-the rumps nature led to widespread refusal of traders and merchants to pay parliamentary taxes.
what happened to Monck after the recalling of the Rump?
-rather than honouring him as a saviour they sought to restrict his influence politically by burdening him with the policing of London.
what happened in the long parliament as a result of Monck’s insistence that members bared after prides purge take their seats?
-altered the political balance, although presence was filtered by death they still tilted the scales against Haselrig’s republican faction.
-they represented a direct constitutional link with 1642
-parliament turned the table by excluding the most committed republicans from its ranks e.g Lambert.
what happened which slowly led towards a higher chance of a royal restoration?
-re-appointment of parliament of Edward Montague who was a royalist sympathiser.
what did Lambert do after he was taken of his ranks?
-last bid to save the republican cause and attempted to halt the movement towards a royal restoration by a show of force.
-a number of regiments supported him but the bulk didn’t and neither did Fleetwood, Desborough or Haeselrig.
-final battle at Edgehill Lamberts army was defeated and he was captured.
what was the outcome of the convention parliament?
- 25 April- May 1660
-over 60 monarchists took seats and republicans and supporters of the commonwealth did badly
-House of Lords was reconvened and the joint houses then considered the terms for restoration with Charles had offered in the Declaration of Breda on April 4.
what was the Declaration of Breda?
-April 4th
-written by Clarendon
-he promised a general pardon and religious toleration and accepted the right of parliament to decide the disputed questions of property entitlements and the army’s arrears of pay.
-Parliament accepted
