Unit 4- Cromwell Flashcards
what was Cromwell’s position by 1649?
-powerful figure
-but at this stage held no formal position that conferred authority.
-as a soldier he was still under the command of Fairfax until 1649 when he withdrew from public affairs.
-then Cromwell became the unofficial leader of the army.
what measures did the Rump pass between February to March 1649?
-abolition of the monarchy
-abolition of the house of lords
-creation of a council of state to act as the government
-declaration that England was now a commonwealth.
what was the first council of state made up of?
-41 members
-34 MPs
what was the most pressing issue of the interregnum?
-religion
why did people think religion was asking for change?
-due to the events that had just taken place and the belief in providence, which was the idea that events are never random but part of a larger plan.
-Millenarianism was used to describe those who believed that a revolutionary change was about to take place in England.
what is millenarianism?
-the belief in the imminence of the millennium, the thousand year period during which Jesus Christ would return to reclaim the earth and govern it with his saints.
who were the Baptists what were their movement like?
-became particularly prominent during the 1640s
-central belief that faith was a matter of personal experience and acceptance it couldn’t be taught or learnt.
-importance placed adult baptism
-1650s became detested by religious and political conservatives, due to belief that they were associated with German anabaptists who opposed the law, but actually little connection
-were protected by Cromwell and he stepped in at points to prevent their prosecution by Parliament.
who were the congregationalists? what was their movement like?
-refers broadly to the independent protestant congregations who rejected the idea of a national centrally administered church.
-Cromwell may be viewed as an interesting representative of congregationalism.
who were the fifth Monarchists? what was their movement like?
-believed in millenarianism
-drew the majority of its members from the army and Colonel Thomas Harrison became their spokesperson.
-believed that the 5 great monarchies would rule the earth in sequence.
-angry at Cromwell for the failure of the Parliament of saints and challenged his authority in Parliament
-had attempts to assassinate him.
who were the Muggletonians? what was their movement like?
-took its name from Lodowick Muggleton who have developed strong predestination ideas and believed that Christ visited him in person and given him the power to save or damn all over men.
-followers were free to reject any state or church laws that impinged on them.
who were the seekers and ranters? what was their movement like?
-religion based on feelings rather than ideology.
-God was a spiritual force within the individual and individuals should therefore ‘seek’ the divine spirit in themselves not in Bibles or church.
-ranters gained their name from the practice of loudly declaring their thoughts whenever
-Blasphemy act 1650 was passed which suggested that they were not allowed to loudly declare thoughts anymore.
who were the quakers? what was their movement like?
-rejection of the authority of the church and state.
-began early 1650s under George Fox and had 50,000 members by 1660.
-individuals called out thoughts as the Lord inspired them and involved much shaking and rocking.
-believed that the lords message came to them through the inner light of their own personal inspiration.
-frequently disrupted church services by abusing and shouting down the preacher and refused to pay tithes.
-over 2000 were brought to trial during the interregnum.
how did Parliament deal with Ireland?
-Rump appointed Cromwell as Lord Lieutenant and commissioned him to crush the rebellion of both Catholics and Protestants in March 1649.
how did Cromwell deal with Ireland?
-landed in Dublin with 12,000 men in August 1649 and his campaign lasted 9 months.
-Ormondes forces outnumbered the English but they couldn’t match it in artillery and discipline.
-Parliaments control of the Irish sea meant that Cromwell was regularly supplied.
what happened in Drogheda?
-inhabitants put up resistance before Cromwell took the town and effectively secured the control of the North of Ireland, Cromwell turned back south and began a long advance that within 6 months brought the country under his army’s domination.
-occupants were first offered quarter if they surrendered but refused and this led Cromwell in accordance to the rules of war at the time instructed his troops to kill those who had resisted.
