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Pre-AP Biology 101 > Unit 6 - Human Body Systems > Flashcards

Unit 6 - Human Body Systems Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the purpose of the digestive system? Where does digestion begin?

A

To take energy from food, physically and chemically. Digestion starts in the mouth

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2
Q

Pharynx- Esophagus- Stomach-

A

Pharynx is the connection between digestion and the respiratory tract. Esophagus is where food is pushed to the stomach by Peristalsis (contraction of smooth muscle) Stomach- muscular sac that chemically and mechanically digests food

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3
Q

What’s the sphincter?

A

A ring of muscle that closes off so food doesn’t go back up to the mouth

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4
Q

What aids in digestion?

A

Hydrochloric Acid

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5
Q

Small intestines- Large intestines-

A

Small intestine: chemical digestion and absorption of food. Has villi and microvilli! Large Intestine: absorbs water from digested food

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6
Q

What are the accessory structures that aid in digestion in the small intestines?

A

The pancreas, liver and gallbladder

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7
Q

What is the function of the Excretory System?

A

Gets rid of toxic chemicals, maintain pH levels and balances water contents of blood

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8
Q

What does the skin do (in excretory system)

A

Excretes water, salt, and urea

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9
Q

What does the liver do (excretory system)

A

Takes nitrogen compounds from amino acid and converts it to urea

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10
Q

What are the parts of the kidney?

A

Renal cortex (outer layer), renal medulla (tissue mass) and renal pelvis (inner layer)

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11
Q

What what are Nephrons?

A

Microscopic functional unit of the kidney (does the actual filtering)

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12
Q

What is the function of the immune system?

A

Maintain homeostasis, produce appropriate responses, and protect against pathogens.

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13
Q

What does the first line of defense consist of?

A

Skin, saliva, stomach acid, mucus (gathers bacteria), and cilla (things that sweep mucus into throats for coughing & swallowing)

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14
Q

What consists of the second line of defense?

A

Antigens, blood, lymph nodes, thymus gland (produces T-cells), bone marrow (produce B-cells)

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15
Q

What is inflammation?

A

Due to increased blood flow in the area of infection

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16
Q

What are microphages?

A

A white blood cell that targets pathogens

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17
Q

What are B-lymphocytes? What are the two types?

A

B lymphocytes: mature in bone marrow Plasma B-cells: create antibodies that bind to antigen Memory B-cells: remember the pathogen

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18
Q

Where do T lymphocytes mature, and what are the two t-cell types?

A

They mature in the thymus. There are helper t-cells (activate B cells once macrophage shows antigen) and killer t-cells (kill infected host cells)

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19
Q

Treatment to allergies include what two medicines?

A

Benadryl, Epinephrine

20
Q

The two layers of skin are..

A

Epidermis: the outer layer made of epithelial cells and has no blood vessels Dermis: true skin made of connective tissue and has blood vessels

21
Q

What are the layers in the epidermis?

A

Squamous germination, stratum corneum, and pigment layer

22
Q

What’s the Dermal Papillae?

A

It’s what’s on your finger that creates a finger print

23
Q

Hypodermal layer..

A

Subcanteous layer, carries major blood vesicles, made of loose connective tissue, insulates and cushions the body.

24
Q

What are the two types of sudoriferous glands?

A

Eccrine: assists in body heat regulation Apocrine: found in axilla (armpit) and genitalia. Causes BO

25
Q

What is the Arrector Pili Muscle?

A

Muscle at the end of hair follicle near bulb that produces goose bumps

26
Q

What is the function of the skeletal system?

A

Support body, protect organs, allow movement, store minerals, form blood cells

27
Q

Cartilage to bone is called..

A

Ossification

28
Q

What controls homeostasis?

A

Feedback mechanisms

29
Q

Where does gas exchange occur?

A

The alveoli

30
Q

Steps of digestion..

A

Mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, anus

31
Q

What’s the medulla oblongata?

A

Located in your brain stem, detect CO2 in blood panda controls involuntary breathing

32
Q

CNS consists of.. PNS consists of..

A

Brian and spinal chord Everything else

33
Q

Autonomic NS Somatic NS

A

Involuntary. Transmit from CNS to cardiac and smooth muscle Voluntary. Transmit from CNS to skeletal muscle

34
Q

Neurons send signals along their _________ to the _________ of other neurons.

A

Axons, dendrites

35
Q

Cerebrum: Cerebellum: Braun stem: Thalamus: Hypothalamus:

A

Controls voluntary activities Coordination & balance Controls blood pressure, breathing, and heart rate Relays sensory information Controls hunger, body temp, sleep, and moods

36
Q

Hippocampus: Amyhdala:

A

new memories about past Emotional center

37
Q

Endocrine is made of.. and does what?

A

Glands, and releases hormones into the blood stream

38
Q

What is the pituitary gland called and list 2 hormones.

A

The master gland, that’s controlled by the hypothalamus. Contains growth hormones, and antidiuretic hormones.

39
Q

What is the thyroid gland and the parathyroid gland?

A

Thyroid: regulates body’s mechanism Parathyroid: maintains homeostasis of calcium levels

40
Q

What is the cause of diabetes and what are the types?

A

A malfunction of the pancreas Type 1: autoimmune disorder that develops before age 15 & requires insulin shots Type 2: usually develops after age of 40, most common type Gestational: high glucose level during pregnancy

41
Q

Puberty begins when what happens?

A

When the hypothalamus signals the pituitary gland to produce gonadotropins.

42
Q

What’s an acrosome?

A

The part of the sperm that breaks down the outer membrane of an egg cell

43
Q

Sperms are..

A

Haploid, short lived, produce in large quantities

44
Q

Scrotum: Testes: Epididymis: Vas Deferens: Bulbourethral:

A

Muscular sac around testes to protect them Sperm are produced in seminiferous tube of each testicle Sperm is stored here Sperm move through this Lubricates urethra for ejaculation

45
Q

Menstruation lasts how many days? How long is the menstrual cycle?

A

3-5 days 28 days

46
Q

When two cells fuse what is that called?

A

A zygote

Pre-AP Biology 101 (12 decks)

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