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Pre-AP Biology 101 > Body Systems/ Animals > Flashcards

Body Systems/ Animals Flashcards

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1
Q

What’s the purpose of the digestive system?

A

Takes the energy from food, physically and chemically

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2
Q

The digestive system includes…

A

Mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine

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3
Q

Accessory glands are..

A

Pancreas, salivary glands, and liver

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4
Q

Where does digestion begin?

A

In the mouth

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5
Q

Chewing is

A

Physical digestion

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6
Q

Hydrochloric acid is…

A

Chemical digestion

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7
Q

Salivary glands are…

A

Secretes saliva that contains salivary amylase (breaks down sugar)

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8
Q

Pharynx does…

A

Connection between both digestion and respiratory tracts

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9
Q

Esophagus function

A

Food is pushed to the stomach by PERISTALSIS- contractions of smooth muscle

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10
Q

Sphincter function

A

(Ring of muscle) closes off and doesn’t allow food to go back up

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11
Q

Stomach function

A

Muscular sac that chemically and mechanically digests food

Secretes mucus- protects stomach lining
Secretes hydrochloric acid- activates pepsin- enzyme that breaks down protein

Stomach contents- food=chime

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12
Q

Enzymes

A

Proteins that speed up the reactions by lowering the activation energy

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13
Q

Small intestine function

A

Where most of chemical digestion and absorption of food occurs(the folds on the cells called villi, and those villi have even smaller folds called microvilli)

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14
Q

Large intestine function

A

Absorbs large amounts of water from digested food

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15
Q

Accessory structures

A

Aid in digestion in small intestine

Pancreas- regulates blood sugar levels with insulin

Liver- secretes bile which helps digest lipids

Gallbladder- stores bile

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16
Q

Function of the excretory system

A

Gets rid of toxic chemicals, maintains pH levels, balances water content of blood

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17
Q

Excretory system consists of…

A

Skin- excretes extra water, salt, and urea
Lungs- excretes carbon dioxide
Liver- takes harmful nitrogen compounds from amino acids and converts them into urea

Kidneys- removes waste and products from the blood, maintain blood pH, and regulate water content of blood

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18
Q

Types of kidneys

A

Ureter- tube that leaves the kidneys and goes to the bladder

Urethra- tube that leaves the bladder and exits to the outside

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19
Q

What makes up the kidneys?

A

Renal cortex- outer layer of kidney
Renal medulla- masses of tissue that secrete urine into tiny sac like tubules( middle layer of kidney)

Renal pelvis- inner layer of kidney, and moves urine outside of the kidney

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20
Q

What are nephrons?

A

Microscopic functional unit on the kidney(does the actual filtering)

  • have their own blood supply; through capillaries
  • contains renal corpuscle and renal tubule
  • most water is reabsorbed back into the blood; urine becomes concentrated
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21
Q

What makes up the renal corpuscle

A

Consists of glomerular

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22
Q

What makes up the renal tubule?

A

Proximal convoluted, loop of henle(nephron loop)’ and distal convoluted tubule (DCT)

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23
Q

Problems that can occur in the kidneys and describe them

A

Kidney stones- calcium, magnesium, or Uris acid salts crystallize and cause pain

Dialysis- machine that helps filter blood and removes waste in large proteins

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24
Q

Function of the immune system

A

Maintains homeostasis by recognizing harmful organisms and producing an appropriate response, and helps protect from pathogens

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25
Q

First line of defense in immune system

A

Non specific, physical and chemical barriers to fight infections

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26
Q

Second line of defense for the immune system

A

Specific response, body’s response to invaders

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27
Q

First line of defense in the immune system consists of…

A

Skin- consists of physical and chemical barriers
(Physical)- dead layer of skin cells composed of keratin
(Chemical)- secretes tears, sweat, and mucus that kill bacteria

Saliva- contains many chemicals that break down bacteria

Stomach acid- breaks down your food, and bacteria on the food

Mucus- gathers bacteria

Cilla- sweep the mucus into the throats for coughing and swallowing

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28
Q

Second line of defense in the immune system consists of…

A

Antigens- substances that cause your body to create antibodies

Blood- white blood cells in particular

Lymph nodes- filter blood; contain large amounts of white blood cells

Thymus gland- produce T cells

Bone marrow- produce B cells

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29
Q

Inflammation is…

A

Due to increased blood flow in the area of infection

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30
Q

Temperature response is…

A

Regulated by the hypothalamus; possibly used to fight off infection

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31
Q

White blood cells are…

A

Phagocytes eat foreign particles by engulfing them, then releases lysosomes

32
Q

Microphages are…

A

A white blood cell targeting pathogens

33
Q

Plasma B cells

A

Create antibodies that will bind to an antigen an the pathogen

34
Q

Memory B cells

A

Remember what the pathogen looks like to recognize it in the body for the next time the body is infected

35
Q

Helper T cells

A

Activate B cells once a microphage shows it an antigen

36
Q

Killer T cells

A

Kill infected host cells (can also kill cancerous cells)

37
Q

Primary immune response

A

First time a body encounters the invader, there is no response to the invader for the first few days

38
Q

Secondary immune response

A

More rapid response to the invader, the memory B cells recognize the pathogen, the antibody production increases

39
Q

Active immunity

A

When the body is actively producing antibodies to fight infections

40
Q

Passive immunity

A

Antibodies are given to a person from the blood of another person or animal, and it lasts a short period of time

41
Q

Autoimmune disease

A

The immune system attacks itself

42
Q

Allergies

A

An exaggerated response by the immune system to an allergen

43
Q

Allergen and what happens with it

A

A normally harmless substance that causes an allergic reaction

  • swelling of tissue
  • release of fluids
  • muscle spasms in some cases
44
Q

Treatment for allergies

A

Epinephrine and Benadryl

45
Q

What are the 2 layers of skin

A

Epidermis (outer layer)- made of epithelial cells, and has no blood vesicles

Dermis (true skin)- made of connective tissue, and has blood vesicles

46
Q

Layers in the epidermis

A

Squamous germination-

Innermost layer
Active layer of cell division
Continually reproduces and new cells move toward surface

47
Q

Pigment layer

A
  • contains melanocytes which produce melanin that gives skin color
  • ultra-violet rays produce more melanin- tan or sunburn
  • albinism- no melanin
  • freckles- patches of melanin
48
Q

Stratum corneum

A
  • outermost layer
  • cells are dead
  • keratin replaces cytoplasm in the cells as they approach the surface (waterproofs the skin)
  • slightly acidic to destroy many organisms(first line of defense)
49
Q

Dermis layer

A
  • thicker, inner layer of skin
  • framework of elastic connective tissue(enables skin to stretch)
  • number of elastic fibers and collagen decrease with age= wrinkles, sags, and lines
  • contains blood vessels, nerves, involuntary muscle, sweat &a oil glands, and hair follicles
  • sensory nerves end in nerve receptors which are sensitive to heat, cold, touch, pain, and pressure
50
Q

Dermal papillae

A

Creates fingerprints

51
Q

Hypodermic layer (subcutaneous tissue)

A

Carries major blood vesicles, and made of loose connective tissue, and insulates the body, and cushions the body

52
Q

Sweat glands

A

Found all over the boys, releases water mixed with small amounts of waste. It can be activated by heat, pain, fever, and nervousness

53
Q

Eccrine glands

A

Assists in body heat regulation, and 99% water and average fluid loss is 500ml per day

54
Q

Apocrine glands

A

Found in axilla (arm pit) and genitalia, enlarges and begins to function in puberty, and cause BO

55
Q

Sebaceous glands

A

Secretes oil or sebum for hair and skin which protects your hair and skin from drying out, and makes skin waterproof

56
Q

Plugged sebaceous glands produce…

A

Pimples

57
Q

Acne vulgaris is…

A

An inflammation of sebaceous glands

58
Q

How many hairs cover the body?

A

millions

59
Q

Anatomy of hair:

A

Root- part of hair implanted in skin
Shaft- part of hair that projects from skin
Hair follicle- epidermal tube like structure that hold hair root
Outer layer= cortex
Inner layer= medulla
Papilla- tuff of tissue at the bottom of the follicle that contains blood vessels
Hair bulb- where hair growth starts

60
Q

What is alopecia?

A

Hair loss of any kind

61
Q

Arrector pilli muscle

A

Muscle at the end of the hair follicle near the build that produces goose bumps

62
Q

Nails are…

A

Formed in the nail bed or matrix, epidermal cells fuse together and fill with keratin

63
Q

Functions of the integumentary system

A
  • protective covering
  • regulates body temperature
  • manufactures Vitamin D
  • Sensory Function
  • temporary storage of fat, glucose, water, and salts
  • screens put harmful ultraviolet radiations
  • absorbs certain drugs
64
Q

Characteristics of animals

A

Eukaryotic, multicellular, heterotrophs, no cell walls

65
Q

7 essential functions of animals

A

1) feeding
2) respiration
3) circulation
4) excretion
5) rooms
6) movement
7) reproduction

66
Q

Types of asexual reproduction

A

Budding- outgrowth from one organism turns into a new organism

Fission/fragmentation- body splits in two and missing parts regenerate

67
Q

Parthenogenesis is

A

Unfertilized eggs develop into an embryo (virgin birth)

68
Q

Assymmetry

A

No symmetry

69
Q

Radial symmetry

A

Divided along the central axis

70
Q

Bilateral symmetry

A

Down the middle

71
Q

Cephalization is

A

All sense organs in the front of the body

72
Q

Types of skeletons

A

Exo- hard waxy covering on the outside of the body (invertebrate)

Endo- internal skeleton (vertebrate)

Ectotherm– get their body’s heat from outside sours and have low metabolism (rely on behavior)

Endotherm- have a high metabolism, which produces heat (rely on behavior)

73
Q

Open circulatory

A

Blood isn’t in vesicles

74
Q

Closed circulatory

A

In blood vesicles

75
Q

How does blood travel in a Single looped heart

A

Heart, gills, body, heart

76
Q

How does blood travels in a Double looped heart

A

Heart, body, heart, lungs, heart

77
Q

Function of the skeletal system

A
  • supports the body
  • protects the organs
  • allow movement
  • store minerals
  • form blood cells

Pre-AP Biology 101 (12 decks)

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