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Pre-AP Biology 101 > Body Systems/ Animals > Flashcards

Body Systems/ Animals Flashcards

1
Q

What’s the purpose of the digestive system?

A

Takes the energy from food, physically and chemically

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2
Q

The digestive system includes…

A

Mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine

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3
Q

Accessory glands are..

A

Pancreas, salivary glands, and liver

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4
Q

Where does digestion begin?

A

In the mouth

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5
Q

Chewing is

A

Physical digestion

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6
Q

Hydrochloric acid is…

A

Chemical digestion

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7
Q

Salivary glands are…

A

Secretes saliva that contains salivary amylase (breaks down sugar)

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8
Q

Pharynx does…

A

Connection between both digestion and respiratory tracts

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9
Q

Esophagus function

A

Food is pushed to the stomach by PERISTALSIS- contractions of smooth muscle

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10
Q

Sphincter function

A

(Ring of muscle) closes off and doesn’t allow food to go back up

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11
Q

Stomach function

A

Muscular sac that chemically and mechanically digests food

Secretes mucus- protects stomach lining
Secretes hydrochloric acid- activates pepsin- enzyme that breaks down protein

Stomach contents- food=chime

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12
Q

Enzymes

A

Proteins that speed up the reactions by lowering the activation energy

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13
Q

Small intestine function

A

Where most of chemical digestion and absorption of food occurs(the folds on the cells called villi, and those villi have even smaller folds called microvilli)

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14
Q

Large intestine function

A

Absorbs large amounts of water from digested food

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15
Q

Accessory structures

A

Aid in digestion in small intestine

Pancreas- regulates blood sugar levels with insulin

Liver- secretes bile which helps digest lipids

Gallbladder- stores bile

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16
Q

Function of the excretory system

A

Gets rid of toxic chemicals, maintains pH levels, balances water content of blood

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17
Q

Excretory system consists of…

A

Skin- excretes extra water, salt, and urea
Lungs- excretes carbon dioxide
Liver- takes harmful nitrogen compounds from amino acids and converts them into urea

Kidneys- removes waste and products from the blood, maintain blood pH, and regulate water content of blood

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18
Q

Types of kidneys

A

Ureter- tube that leaves the kidneys and goes to the bladder

Urethra- tube that leaves the bladder and exits to the outside

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19
Q

What makes up the kidneys?

A

Renal cortex- outer layer of kidney
Renal medulla- masses of tissue that secrete urine into tiny sac like tubules( middle layer of kidney)

Renal pelvis- inner layer of kidney, and moves urine outside of the kidney

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20
Q

What are nephrons?

A

Microscopic functional unit on the kidney(does the actual filtering)

  • have their own blood supply; through capillaries
  • contains renal corpuscle and renal tubule
  • most water is reabsorbed back into the blood; urine becomes concentrated
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21
Q

What makes up the renal corpuscle

A

Consists of glomerular

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22
Q

What makes up the renal tubule?

A

Proximal convoluted, loop of henle(nephron loop)’ and distal convoluted tubule (DCT)

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23
Q

Problems that can occur in the kidneys and describe them

A

Kidney stones- calcium, magnesium, or Uris acid salts crystallize and cause pain

Dialysis- machine that helps filter blood and removes waste in large proteins

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24
Q

Function of the immune system

A

Maintains homeostasis by recognizing harmful organisms and producing an appropriate response, and helps protect from pathogens

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25
First line of defense in immune system
Non specific, physical and chemical barriers to fight infections
26
Second line of defense for the immune system
Specific response, body's response to invaders
27
First line of defense in the immune system consists of...
Skin- consists of physical and chemical barriers (Physical)- dead layer of skin cells composed of keratin (Chemical)- secretes tears, sweat, and mucus that kill bacteria Saliva- contains many chemicals that break down bacteria Stomach acid- breaks down your food, and bacteria on the food Mucus- gathers bacteria Cilla- sweep the mucus into the throats for coughing and swallowing
28
Second line of defense in the immune system consists of...
Antigens- substances that cause your body to create antibodies Blood- white blood cells in particular Lymph nodes- filter blood; contain large amounts of white blood cells Thymus gland- produce T cells Bone marrow- produce B cells
29
Inflammation is...
Due to increased blood flow in the area of infection
30
Temperature response is...
Regulated by the hypothalamus; possibly used to fight off infection
31
White blood cells are...
Phagocytes eat foreign particles by engulfing them, then releases lysosomes
32
Microphages are...
A white blood cell targeting pathogens
33
Plasma B cells
Create antibodies that will bind to an antigen an the pathogen
34
Memory B cells
Remember what the pathogen looks like to recognize it in the body for the next time the body is infected
35
Helper T cells
Activate B cells once a microphage shows it an antigen
36
Killer T cells
Kill infected host cells (can also kill cancerous cells)
37
Primary immune response
First time a body encounters the invader, there is no response to the invader for the first few days
38
Secondary immune response
More rapid response to the invader, the memory B cells recognize the pathogen, the antibody production increases
39
Active immunity
When the body is actively producing antibodies to fight infections
40
Passive immunity
Antibodies are given to a person from the blood of another person or animal, and it lasts a short period of time
41
Autoimmune disease
The immune system attacks itself
42
Allergies
An exaggerated response by the immune system to an allergen
43
Allergen and what happens with it
A normally harmless substance that causes an allergic reaction - swelling of tissue - release of fluids - muscle spasms in some cases
44
Treatment for allergies
Epinephrine and Benadryl
45
What are the 2 layers of skin
Epidermis (outer layer)- made of epithelial cells, and has no blood vesicles Dermis (true skin)- made of connective tissue, and has blood vesicles
46
Layers in the epidermis
Squamous germination- Innermost layer Active layer of cell division Continually reproduces and new cells move toward surface
47
Pigment layer
- contains melanocytes which produce melanin that gives skin color - ultra-violet rays produce more melanin- tan or sunburn - albinism- no melanin - freckles- patches of melanin
48
Stratum corneum
- outermost layer - cells are dead - keratin replaces cytoplasm in the cells as they approach the surface (waterproofs the skin) - slightly acidic to destroy many organisms(first line of defense)
49
Dermis layer
- thicker, inner layer of skin - framework of elastic connective tissue(enables skin to stretch) - number of elastic fibers and collagen decrease with age= wrinkles, sags, and lines - contains blood vessels, nerves, involuntary muscle, sweat &a oil glands, and hair follicles - sensory nerves end in nerve receptors which are sensitive to heat, cold, touch, pain, and pressure
50
Dermal papillae
Creates fingerprints
51
Hypodermic layer (subcutaneous tissue)
Carries major blood vesicles, and made of loose connective tissue, and insulates the body, and cushions the body
52
Sweat glands
Found all over the boys, releases water mixed with small amounts of waste. It can be activated by heat, pain, fever, and nervousness
53
Eccrine glands
Assists in body heat regulation, and 99% water and average fluid loss is 500ml per day
54
Apocrine glands
Found in axilla (arm pit) and genitalia, enlarges and begins to function in puberty, and cause BO
55
Sebaceous glands
Secretes oil or sebum for hair and skin which protects your hair and skin from drying out, and makes skin waterproof
56
Plugged sebaceous glands produce...
Pimples
57
Acne vulgaris is...
An inflammation of sebaceous glands
58
How many hairs cover the body?
millions
59
Anatomy of hair:
Root- part of hair implanted in skin Shaft- part of hair that projects from skin Hair follicle- epidermal tube like structure that hold hair root Outer layer= cortex Inner layer= medulla Papilla- tuff of tissue at the bottom of the follicle that contains blood vessels Hair bulb- where hair growth starts
60
What is alopecia?
Hair loss of any kind
61
Arrector pilli muscle
Muscle at the end of the hair follicle near the build that produces goose bumps
62
Nails are...
Formed in the nail bed or matrix, epidermal cells fuse together and fill with keratin
63
Functions of the integumentary system
- protective covering - regulates body temperature - manufactures Vitamin D - Sensory Function - temporary storage of fat, glucose, water, and salts - screens put harmful ultraviolet radiations - absorbs certain drugs
64
Characteristics of animals
Eukaryotic, multicellular, heterotrophs, no cell walls
65
7 essential functions of animals
1) feeding 2) respiration 3) circulation 4) excretion 5) rooms 6) movement 7) reproduction
66
Types of asexual reproduction
Budding- outgrowth from one organism turns into a new organism Fission/fragmentation- body splits in two and missing parts regenerate
67
Parthenogenesis is
Unfertilized eggs develop into an embryo (virgin birth)
68
Assymmetry
No symmetry
69
Radial symmetry
Divided along the central axis
70
Bilateral symmetry
Down the middle
71
Cephalization is
All sense organs in the front of the body
72
Types of skeletons
Exo- hard waxy covering on the outside of the body (invertebrate) Endo- internal skeleton (vertebrate) Ectotherm-- get their body's heat from outside sours and have low metabolism (rely on behavior) Endotherm- have a high metabolism, which produces heat (rely on behavior)
73
Open circulatory
Blood isn't in vesicles
74
Closed circulatory
In blood vesicles
75
How does blood travel in a Single looped heart
Heart, gills, body, heart
76
How does blood travels in a Double looped heart
Heart, body, heart, lungs, heart
77
Function of the skeletal system
- supports the body - protects the organs - allow movement - store minerals - form blood cells

Pre-AP Biology 101 (12 decks)

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