Body Systems/ Animals Flashcards
What’s the purpose of the digestive system?
Takes the energy from food, physically and chemically
The digestive system includes…
Mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine
Accessory glands are..
Pancreas, salivary glands, and liver
Where does digestion begin?
In the mouth
Chewing is
Physical digestion
Hydrochloric acid is…
Chemical digestion
Salivary glands are…
Secretes saliva that contains salivary amylase (breaks down sugar)
Pharynx does…
Connection between both digestion and respiratory tracts
Esophagus function
Food is pushed to the stomach by PERISTALSIS- contractions of smooth muscle
Sphincter function
(Ring of muscle) closes off and doesn’t allow food to go back up
Stomach function
Muscular sac that chemically and mechanically digests food
Secretes mucus- protects stomach lining
Secretes hydrochloric acid- activates pepsin- enzyme that breaks down protein
Stomach contents- food=chime
Enzymes
Proteins that speed up the reactions by lowering the activation energy
Small intestine function
Where most of chemical digestion and absorption of food occurs(the folds on the cells called villi, and those villi have even smaller folds called microvilli)
Large intestine function
Absorbs large amounts of water from digested food
Accessory structures
Aid in digestion in small intestine
Pancreas- regulates blood sugar levels with insulin
Liver- secretes bile which helps digest lipids
Gallbladder- stores bile
Function of the excretory system
Gets rid of toxic chemicals, maintains pH levels, balances water content of blood
Excretory system consists of…
Skin- excretes extra water, salt, and urea
Lungs- excretes carbon dioxide
Liver- takes harmful nitrogen compounds from amino acids and converts them into urea
Kidneys- removes waste and products from the blood, maintain blood pH, and regulate water content of blood
Types of kidneys
Ureter- tube that leaves the kidneys and goes to the bladder
Urethra- tube that leaves the bladder and exits to the outside
What makes up the kidneys?
Renal cortex- outer layer of kidney
Renal medulla- masses of tissue that secrete urine into tiny sac like tubules( middle layer of kidney)
Renal pelvis- inner layer of kidney, and moves urine outside of the kidney
What are nephrons?
Microscopic functional unit on the kidney(does the actual filtering)
- have their own blood supply; through capillaries
- contains renal corpuscle and renal tubule
- most water is reabsorbed back into the blood; urine becomes concentrated
What makes up the renal corpuscle
Consists of glomerular
What makes up the renal tubule?
Proximal convoluted, loop of henle(nephron loop)’ and distal convoluted tubule (DCT)
Problems that can occur in the kidneys and describe them
Kidney stones- calcium, magnesium, or Uris acid salts crystallize and cause pain
Dialysis- machine that helps filter blood and removes waste in large proteins
Function of the immune system
Maintains homeostasis by recognizing harmful organisms and producing an appropriate response, and helps protect from pathogens
First line of defense in immune system
Non specific, physical and chemical barriers to fight infections
Second line of defense for the immune system
Specific response, body’s response to invaders
First line of defense in the immune system consists of…
Skin- consists of physical and chemical barriers
(Physical)- dead layer of skin cells composed of keratin
(Chemical)- secretes tears, sweat, and mucus that kill bacteria
Saliva- contains many chemicals that break down bacteria
Stomach acid- breaks down your food, and bacteria on the food
Mucus- gathers bacteria
Cilla- sweep the mucus into the throats for coughing and swallowing
Second line of defense in the immune system consists of…
Antigens- substances that cause your body to create antibodies
Blood- white blood cells in particular
Lymph nodes- filter blood; contain large amounts of white blood cells
Thymus gland- produce T cells
Bone marrow- produce B cells
Inflammation is…
Due to increased blood flow in the area of infection
Temperature response is…
Regulated by the hypothalamus; possibly used to fight off infection
White blood cells are…
Phagocytes eat foreign particles by engulfing them, then releases lysosomes
Microphages are…
A white blood cell targeting pathogens
Plasma B cells
Create antibodies that will bind to an antigen an the pathogen
Memory B cells
Remember what the pathogen looks like to recognize it in the body for the next time the body is infected
Helper T cells
Activate B cells once a microphage shows it an antigen
Killer T cells
Kill infected host cells (can also kill cancerous cells)
Primary immune response
First time a body encounters the invader, there is no response to the invader for the first few days
Secondary immune response
More rapid response to the invader, the memory B cells recognize the pathogen, the antibody production increases
Active immunity
When the body is actively producing antibodies to fight infections
Passive immunity
Antibodies are given to a person from the blood of another person or animal, and it lasts a short period of time
Autoimmune disease
The immune system attacks itself
Allergies
An exaggerated response by the immune system to an allergen
Allergen and what happens with it
A normally harmless substance that causes an allergic reaction
- swelling of tissue
- release of fluids
- muscle spasms in some cases
Treatment for allergies
Epinephrine and Benadryl
What are the 2 layers of skin
Epidermis (outer layer)- made of epithelial cells, and has no blood vesicles
Dermis (true skin)- made of connective tissue, and has blood vesicles
Layers in the epidermis
Squamous germination-
Innermost layer
Active layer of cell division
Continually reproduces and new cells move toward surface
Pigment layer
- contains melanocytes which produce melanin that gives skin color
- ultra-violet rays produce more melanin- tan or sunburn
- albinism- no melanin
- freckles- patches of melanin
Stratum corneum
- outermost layer
- cells are dead
- keratin replaces cytoplasm in the cells as they approach the surface (waterproofs the skin)
- slightly acidic to destroy many organisms(first line of defense)
Dermis layer
- thicker, inner layer of skin
- framework of elastic connective tissue(enables skin to stretch)
- number of elastic fibers and collagen decrease with age= wrinkles, sags, and lines
- contains blood vessels, nerves, involuntary muscle, sweat &a oil glands, and hair follicles
- sensory nerves end in nerve receptors which are sensitive to heat, cold, touch, pain, and pressure
Dermal papillae
Creates fingerprints
Hypodermic layer (subcutaneous tissue)
Carries major blood vesicles, and made of loose connective tissue, and insulates the body, and cushions the body
Sweat glands
Found all over the boys, releases water mixed with small amounts of waste. It can be activated by heat, pain, fever, and nervousness
Eccrine glands
Assists in body heat regulation, and 99% water and average fluid loss is 500ml per day
Apocrine glands
Found in axilla (arm pit) and genitalia, enlarges and begins to function in puberty, and cause BO
Sebaceous glands
Secretes oil or sebum for hair and skin which protects your hair and skin from drying out, and makes skin waterproof
Plugged sebaceous glands produce…
Pimples
Acne vulgaris is…
An inflammation of sebaceous glands
How many hairs cover the body?
millions
Anatomy of hair:
Root- part of hair implanted in skin
Shaft- part of hair that projects from skin
Hair follicle- epidermal tube like structure that hold hair root
Outer layer= cortex
Inner layer= medulla
Papilla- tuff of tissue at the bottom of the follicle that contains blood vessels
Hair bulb- where hair growth starts
What is alopecia?
Hair loss of any kind
Arrector pilli muscle
Muscle at the end of the hair follicle near the build that produces goose bumps
Nails are…
Formed in the nail bed or matrix, epidermal cells fuse together and fill with keratin
Functions of the integumentary system
- protective covering
- regulates body temperature
- manufactures Vitamin D
- Sensory Function
- temporary storage of fat, glucose, water, and salts
- screens put harmful ultraviolet radiations
- absorbs certain drugs
Characteristics of animals
Eukaryotic, multicellular, heterotrophs, no cell walls
7 essential functions of animals
1) feeding
2) respiration
3) circulation
4) excretion
5) rooms
6) movement
7) reproduction
Types of asexual reproduction
Budding- outgrowth from one organism turns into a new organism
Fission/fragmentation- body splits in two and missing parts regenerate
Parthenogenesis is
Unfertilized eggs develop into an embryo (virgin birth)
Assymmetry
No symmetry
Radial symmetry
Divided along the central axis
Bilateral symmetry
Down the middle
Cephalization is
All sense organs in the front of the body
Types of skeletons
Exo- hard waxy covering on the outside of the body (invertebrate)
Endo- internal skeleton (vertebrate)
Ectotherm– get their body’s heat from outside sours and have low metabolism (rely on behavior)
Endotherm- have a high metabolism, which produces heat (rely on behavior)
Open circulatory
Blood isn’t in vesicles
Closed circulatory
In blood vesicles
How does blood travel in a Single looped heart
Heart, gills, body, heart
How does blood travels in a Double looped heart
Heart, body, heart, lungs, heart
Function of the skeletal system
- supports the body
- protects the organs
- allow movement
- store minerals
- form blood cells
