Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Pre-AP Biology 101 > Unit 3 - Meiosis & Genetics > Flashcards

Unit 3 - Meiosis & Genetics Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards Physics 101 flashcards Psychology 101 flashcards Chemistry 101 flashcards Organic Chemistry 101 flashcards Sociology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Describe what occurs during “crossing over”, including when it occurs.

A

Occurs during prophase 1 of Meiosis

Is the process where homologous chromosomes pair up with each other and exchange different segments of their genetic material to form recombinant chromosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

If an organism’s diploid number is 36, its haploid number is _____.

A

18

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the two main sources of genetic variation?

A
  1. Random (independent) assortment of genes during meiosis
  2. Crossing over during meiosis 1
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What’s taking place in the diagram?

A

Crossing over

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

A woman that is heterozygous for widow’s peak and heterozygous for freckles mates with a man that is also heterozygous for both traits. What is the phenotypic ratio of their possible offspring?

A

9:3:3:1

9 with freckles AND widow’s peak

3 with freckles and no widow’s peak

3 with widow’s peak and no freckles

1 with neither widow’s peak nor freckles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

The passing of characteristics from parents to offspring

A

Heredity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

The study of the passing of characteristics from parents to offspring

A

Genetics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Who was the father of modern genetics?

A

Gregor Mendel

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Differentiate between true breeding and hybrid breeding.

A

True breeding creates offspring identical to each other and the parents

Hybrid breeding creates offspring that are different.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What did Mendel determine?

A

That biological factors (genes) are passed from parents to offspring.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

The principle of dominance states that

A

Some alleles are dominant and some are recessive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Hair color and eye color are examples of ______, while blonde, brunette, blue, and green are examples of ______.

A

Genes

Alleles - different versions of a gene

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

How many alleles for each gene does a gamete possess?

A

1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Compare and contrast the terms homozygous and heterzygous.

A

Homozygous describes genotypes where both alleles are the same (ex. TT or tt)

Heterzygous describes genotypes where the alleles are different (ex. Tt, Hh, AB)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

How do genotype and phenotype relate?

A

Genotype is the actual genes (ex. TT, Tt, tt)

Phenotype is the physical expression of the genes (ex. tall or short)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are punnett squares used for?

A

Used to determine the gene combinations that might be possible from a genetic cross

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What can’t be determined from a punnett square?

A

The actual results of a genetic cross.

18
Q

The Law of Independent Assortment states that

A

alleles of different genes separate independently of each other during gamete formation

19
Q

True or false: genes on different chromosomes are related.

A

False: genes on different chromosome are not related in any way.

20
Q

What is meant by the term “polygenic” and why is it significant?

A

The trait is controlled by many genes, as opposed to a single gene, and the expression of the trait contains a lot of variety (ex. hair color, skin color, eye color, height)

21
Q

What is incomplete dominance?

A

A form of inheritance in which the dominant trait does not completely mask the appearance of the recessive trait. Blending of the dominant and recessive traits occurs with heterozygous individuals.

22
Q

What is codominance?

A

With codominant traits, both alleles contribute to the expression of the gene so both forms of the gene are shown in the phenotype.

Ex. roan cattle, erminette chickens.

23
Q

What form(s) of inheritance is exhibited by human blood types?

A

both codominance and multiple alleles

24
Q

A form of inheritance in which there are multiple alleles for a single gene trait

A

Multiple Alleles

25
Q

Traits that are produced by the interaction of several genes

A

Polygenic traits

26
Q

What does each symbol on a pedigree represent?

A

Square - male

Circle - female

Horizontal line - married couple

Vertical line - offspring

Filled in square/circle - possesses the trait

Half filled in square/circle - carrier of the trait

Slash - deceased

27
Q

This form of inheritance does NOT skip generations (for a child to have it, at least one of their parents must have it), and is found in males and females in equal numbers

A

Autosomal Dominant

28
Q

This form of inheritance DOES skip generations (a child can have it without the parent having it) and is found in males and females in equal numbers

A

Autosomal Recessive

29
Q

Describe the characteristics of sex-linked (x-linked) traits.

A
  • Mostly found in males
  • If father has it then daughter has it OR is carrier
  • If the son has it then the mother is a carrier
  • Is carried on the x chromosome
30
Q

Describe the products of meiosis.

A

4 genetically unique haploid cells (N), each with 23 chromosomes.

31
Q

How many chromosomes do sex cells (gametes) contain?

A

23

32
Q

The two types of gametes are

A

Sperm and egg cells!

33
Q

How does meiosis differ in males and females?

A

In males - produces 4 sperm cells

In females - produces 1 egg and 3 polar bodies

34
Q

Reductive cell division

A

Meiosis

35
Q

Compare and contrast haploid and diploid

A

Haploid - cells that contain half the normal chromosome count, represented by the symbol “N”, are gametes

Diploid - cells that contain the full chromosome count, represented by the symbol “2N”, are somatic cells

36
Q

When are the homologous pairs separted?

A

During Anaphase I

37
Q

When are the sister chromatids separated (during meiosis)?

A

During Anaphase II

38
Q

How might a human cell end up with an incorrect chromosome number at the end of meiosis?

A

Through nondisjunction.

39
Q

What is nondisjunction and what is the term for cells that suffer from this phenomenon?

A

Nondisjunction is a failure of chromosomes to separate correctly.

Cells that suffer from this possess aneuploidy, an abnormal chromosome number.

40
Q

What is a karyotype and what is it used for?

A

A karyotype is a picture of a person’s chromosomes.

It can be used to detect an extra or missing chromosome, and indicate if an individual is male or female.

41
Q

What chromosomes would you expect to find in a human egg cell?

A

22 autosomes and an X chromosome

42
Q

Which chromosomes would you expect to find in a human sperm cell?

A

22 autosomes and a Y chromosome

Pre-AP Biology 101 (12 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions