Kingdoms Flashcards
List characteristics associated with dicots
2 seed leaves
Leaf veins are branched
Petals are in multiples of 4 or 5
Stems have vascular bundles in a ring
Long deep tap root
The main functions of roots are
- Absorb water & minerals
- Transport nutrients to the stem
- Anchor the plant to the ground
The four main structures of a plant
Leaves, stems, roots, vascular tissue
Lichen is composed of a fungus and either ___________ or ____________.
Algae
Cyanobacteria
How do seedless vascular plants reproduce?
Spores
The majority of the leaf is made of
Mesophyll cells
Anthrax, the bubonic plague, cholera, dental cavities, lyme disease, tuberculosis, strep throat, diphtheria, typhus, and tetanus are all caused by types of…
Bacteria!
The function of this type of vascular tissue is to transport water up the stem through capillary action
Xylem
The cell wall of fungi is composed of
Chitin
What are the two types of pollination?
- Self-pollination: stigma receives pollen from the same flower or a flower on the same plant
- Cross-pollination: stimga receives pollen from a different plant of the same species
This type of plant uses water for reproduction
Nonvascular (releases sperm & egg into the water)
This structure is considered a virulence factor (something that enables the bacteria to cause disease) and contains water to keep the bacteria from drying out
Capsule
Plants grow towards light
Phototropism
This type of plant uses cones as seeds
Gymnosperms
A mass of hyphae
Mycelium
The location of functioning xylem and phloem in a tree
Sapwood
Fungus-like protists are classified based on
How they reproduce
Define a plant
Multicellular eukaryote that does photosynthesis
Describe the purpose of gram staining. What do the different results mean?
Determines the chemical composition of bacterial cell walls (peptidoglycan or not)
Positive: turns purple and means there is peptidoglycan in the cell wall
Negative: turns red/pink, means there is little to no peptidoglycan in the cell wall
An organism that causes disease
Pathogen
The purpose of phloem is to
Transport sugar (food) down the plant from the leaves
The main types of roots are
- fibrous
- taproot
- adventitious
The very center spot of a tree
Pith
What do plants need to survive?
Sunlight, water, minerals, gas exchange (CO2 and O2), movement of water and nutrients
Compare and contrast the two types of stems
- Herbaceous: non-woody, soft, green, die back to the roots each year
- Woody: hard, rigid, do not die back to the roots each year, have yearly growth (rings)
The part of the plant that does photosynthesis
Leaves
Why are viruses classified as non-living?
They do not meet the requirements for life (do not carry out respiration, do not grow, cannot reproduce outside of a host cell…)
What is a facultative anaerobe?
A type of bacteria that does not need oxygen to survive (prefers to not have it) but can survive in an oxygenated environment
Plants respond to their environment through
hormones
This structure absorbs water/food and secretes enzymes for the fungus
Rhizoids
What is a prion?
A pathogenic structure that does not contain a nucleic acid, only a protein, and that causes diseases in animals
The response of the plant to the change in the amount of light due to seasonal changes
Photoperiodism
Green, leaf-like structures that surround the stem under the petals
Sepals
How do eubacteria & archaebacteria differ?
Archaebacteria are found in extreme environments, are older/possible ancestors of eubacteria, and cell walls lack peptidoglycan
Eubacteria are found in more common environments, cell walls do have peptidoglycan
How does the lysogenic cycle differ from the lytic cycle?
It does not destroy the host cell right away
Drugs for stomach ulcers & high blood pressure, thickeners for food and wound dressings, chemicals in plastics, waxes, paints, and lubricants are all examples of products made from
Protists
A period of decreased activity in a plant
Dormancy
A ripened plant ovary
Fruit
Flowering plants
Angiosperms
List at least 3 common arrangements of bacteria:
Strep: chain
Staph: cluster
Diplo: pair
Tetrad: group of 4
Sarcina: cube
What are the three life span categories of plants?
Annuals - live 1 year or less
Biennials - live 2 years
Perennials - live more than 2 years
What is the importance of the viral capsid?
The shape of the viral coat matches the shape on its specific host cell (SHAPE RELATES TO FUNCTION)
List the parts of the stamen and their function
- Anther - contains and produces pollen
- Filament - connects the anther to the flower
What are methods for keeping bacteria under control?
Antibiotics
Temperature (most bacteria can’t survive high temps and their reproduction slows down at low temps)
Another term for the protein coat of a virus is
Capsid
Transfer of pollen grains from anther to stigma
Pollination
List some well known diseases caused by viruses
Polio, AIDS, Influenza, Small Pox, Zika, TMV, Ebola
This category of protist is classified based on how they move
What are those classifications
Animal-like protists
Ciliates, flagellates, pseudopods
Responses of plants to external stimuli
Tropisms
Horizontal connections between plant/fungi
Stolon
A virus that contains RNA
Retrovirus
Compare and contrast primary and secondary plant growth
Primary - stem grows longer (from the tips)
Secondary - plant grows thicker (tree rings)
This structure is a waxy covering that keeps the leaves from drying out in drier places
Cuticle
The function of this bacterial structure is to connect two bacteria to enable the transfer of plasmids between the bacteria during conjugation
Pili (fimbriae)
The opening in the cuticle that allows for gas exchange
Stomata
What is meant by the following terms and how do they relate to one another:
cocci, bacilli, spirilli, vibrio
Cocci: spherical
Bacilli: bar/rod shaped
Sprilli: spiral
Vibrio: comma shaped
All are shapes of bacteria
What are the four types of seed dispersal?
- Self
- Wind
- Water
- Animal
The female reproductive structures of a flower
Pistil
An enormous mass of algae
Algae Bloom
The most important development to plants survival was
Vascular Tissue
What do thin and thick tree rings indicate?
Thin ring - drought, poor growing season, little available sunlight
Thick ring - good growing season, plenty of water and sunlight
Colorful, leaf-like structures found about the sepals; attract pollinators
Petals
Identify the three main categories of plants & give an example of each
- Nonvascular plants - bryophytes (mosses)
- Seedless vascular - ferns
- Vascular - (trees, flowers)
The basic structure of a virus
DNA or RNA and a protein coat
What are the parts of the pistil and their function?
- Stigma - top of the pistil that is sticky/hairy to trap pollen
- Style - connects the stigma to the ovary
- Ovary - becomes the fruit after fertilization
- Ovules - eggs, which become seeds if fertilized
- Fruit - the ripened ovary of a plant containing seeds
Vascular plants are divided into these two categories?
Gymnosperms & Angiosperms
List characteristics associated with monocots
1 seed leaf
Leaf veins are parallel
Petals are in multiples of 3
Have fibrous roots
Vascular bundles are scattered
Any organism that is not a plant, animal, fungus, or prokaryote is a
Protist
Hyphae are
single thread-like cells that make up a mushroom
The function of reverse transcriptase is to
Copy the viral RNA into DNA
What is gravitropism?
The response of the plant to gravity which causes the stem to grow up and the roots to grow down
Malaria is caused by this animal-like protist
Plasmodium falciparum
A response that causes plants to grow towards touch
Thigmotropism
What are some examples of beneficial uses of bacteria?
Roles in the environment?
Mining for minerals, creating antibiotics, cleaning up oil spills
Nitrogen fixation, recycling nutrients, carrying out photosynthesis, breaking down decaying matter
Plant-like protists are classified based on
What color they are
The main function of fruit is
Dispersing seeds
What are 6 ways bacteria can be classified?
- Chemicals in cell wall
- Method of movement
- Method of obtaining energy
- Where they live
- If they need oxygen or not
- Shapes/arrangements
List the steps of the lytic cycle.
- Attachment
- Entry
- Replication
- Assembly
- Release
Found in the cap of a mushroom (in between the gills), this structure is responsible for producing spores
Basidia
The two bacterial kingdoms are
Eubacteria & Archaebacteria
Antibiotics only work on
Bacterial diseases
Production of new xylem and phloem is carried out here
Cambium
Polio, HPV, HIV (AIDS), the flu, and small pox are caused by
Viruses
Identify and describe the method of asexual bacterial reproduction.
Binary fission - the bacteria:
- grows to a point where it’s double its original size
- replicates its DNA (including plasmids)
splits in half
What do chemoautotrophs use to produce energy?
Chemicals
The main functions of this plant structure are to provide structural support for upright growth of the plant and to transport water and food to all parts of the plant
Stem
Stamen
Male reproductive structures of a flower
Single stranded RNA molecules that have no surrounding capsid and that cause plant diseases
Viroids
What is a bacteriophage?
A virus that only infects bacteria
How are protists classified?
Based on how they obtain energy
Define “lyse”
disintegrate a cell by rupture of the cell wall or membrane
