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Pre-AP Biology 101 > Kingdoms > Flashcards

Kingdoms Flashcards

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1
Q

List characteristics associated with dicots

A

2 seed leaves

Leaf veins are branched

Petals are in multiples of 4 or 5

Stems have vascular bundles in a ring

Long deep tap root

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2
Q

The main functions of roots are

A
  1. Absorb water & minerals
  2. Transport nutrients to the stem
  3. Anchor the plant to the ground
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3
Q

The four main structures of a plant

A

Leaves, stems, roots, vascular tissue

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4
Q

Lichen is composed of a fungus and either ___________ or ____________.

A

Algae

Cyanobacteria

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5
Q

How do seedless vascular plants reproduce?

A

Spores

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6
Q

The majority of the leaf is made of

A

Mesophyll cells

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7
Q

Anthrax, the bubonic plague, cholera, dental cavities, lyme disease, tuberculosis, strep throat, diphtheria, typhus, and tetanus are all caused by types of…

A

Bacteria!

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8
Q

The function of this type of vascular tissue is to transport water up the stem through capillary action

A

Xylem

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9
Q

The cell wall of fungi is composed of

A

Chitin

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10
Q

What are the two types of pollination?

A
  1. Self-pollination: stigma receives pollen from the same flower or a flower on the same plant
  2. Cross-pollination: stimga receives pollen from a different plant of the same species
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11
Q

This type of plant uses water for reproduction

A

Nonvascular (releases sperm & egg into the water)

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12
Q

This structure is considered a virulence factor (something that enables the bacteria to cause disease) and contains water to keep the bacteria from drying out

A

Capsule

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13
Q

Plants grow towards light

A

Phototropism

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14
Q

This type of plant uses cones as seeds

A

Gymnosperms

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15
Q

A mass of hyphae

A

Mycelium

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16
Q

The location of functioning xylem and phloem in a tree

A

Sapwood

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17
Q

Fungus-like protists are classified based on

A

How they reproduce

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18
Q

Define a plant

A

Multicellular eukaryote that does photosynthesis

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19
Q

Describe the purpose of gram staining. What do the different results mean?

A

Determines the chemical composition of bacterial cell walls (peptidoglycan or not)

Positive: turns purple and means there is peptidoglycan in the cell wall

Negative: turns red/pink, means there is little to no peptidoglycan in the cell wall

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20
Q

An organism that causes disease

A

Pathogen

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21
Q

The purpose of phloem is to

A

Transport sugar (food) down the plant from the leaves

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22
Q

The main types of roots are

A
  1. fibrous
  2. taproot
  3. adventitious
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23
Q

The very center spot of a tree

A

Pith

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24
Q

What do plants need to survive?

A

Sunlight, water, minerals, gas exchange (CO2 and O2), movement of water and nutrients

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25
Q

Compare and contrast the two types of stems

A
  1. Herbaceous: non-woody, soft, green, die back to the roots each year
  2. Woody: hard, rigid, do not die back to the roots each year, have yearly growth (rings)
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26
Q

The part of the plant that does photosynthesis

A

Leaves

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27
Q

Why are viruses classified as non-living?

A

They do not meet the requirements for life (do not carry out respiration, do not grow, cannot reproduce outside of a host cell…)

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28
Q

What is a facultative anaerobe?

A

A type of bacteria that does not need oxygen to survive (prefers to not have it) but can survive in an oxygenated environment

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29
Q

Plants respond to their environment through

A

hormones

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30
Q

This structure absorbs water/food and secretes enzymes for the fungus

A

Rhizoids

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31
Q

What is a prion?

A

A pathogenic structure that does not contain a nucleic acid, only a protein, and that causes diseases in animals

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32
Q

The response of the plant to the change in the amount of light due to seasonal changes

A

Photoperiodism

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33
Q

Green, leaf-like structures that surround the stem under the petals

A

Sepals

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34
Q

How do eubacteria & archaebacteria differ?

A

Archaebacteria are found in extreme environments, are older/possible ancestors of eubacteria, and cell walls lack peptidoglycan

Eubacteria are found in more common environments, cell walls do have peptidoglycan

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35
Q

How does the lysogenic cycle differ from the lytic cycle?

A

It does not destroy the host cell right away

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36
Q

Drugs for stomach ulcers & high blood pressure, thickeners for food and wound dressings, chemicals in plastics, waxes, paints, and lubricants are all examples of products made from

A

Protists

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37
Q

A period of decreased activity in a plant

A

Dormancy

38
Q

A ripened plant ovary

A

Fruit

39
Q

Flowering plants

A

Angiosperms

40
Q

List at least 3 common arrangements of bacteria:

A

Strep: chain

Staph: cluster

Diplo: pair

Tetrad: group of 4

Sarcina: cube

41
Q

What are the three life span categories of plants?

A

Annuals - live 1 year or less

Biennials - live 2 years

Perennials - live more than 2 years

42
Q

What is the importance of the viral capsid?

A

The shape of the viral coat matches the shape on its specific host cell (SHAPE RELATES TO FUNCTION)

43
Q

List the parts of the stamen and their function

A
  1. Anther - contains and produces pollen
  2. Filament - connects the anther to the flower
44
Q

What are methods for keeping bacteria under control?

A

Antibiotics

Temperature (most bacteria can’t survive high temps and their reproduction slows down at low temps)

45
Q

Another term for the protein coat of a virus is

A

Capsid

46
Q

Transfer of pollen grains from anther to stigma

A

Pollination

47
Q

List some well known diseases caused by viruses

A

Polio, AIDS, Influenza, Small Pox, Zika, TMV, Ebola

48
Q

This category of protist is classified based on how they move

What are those classifications

A

Animal-like protists

Ciliates, flagellates, pseudopods

49
Q

Responses of plants to external stimuli

A

Tropisms

50
Q

Horizontal connections between plant/fungi

A

Stolon

51
Q

A virus that contains RNA

A

Retrovirus

52
Q

Compare and contrast primary and secondary plant growth

A

Primary - stem grows longer (from the tips)

Secondary - plant grows thicker (tree rings)

53
Q

This structure is a waxy covering that keeps the leaves from drying out in drier places

A

Cuticle

54
Q

The function of this bacterial structure is to connect two bacteria to enable the transfer of plasmids between the bacteria during conjugation

A

Pili (fimbriae)

55
Q

The opening in the cuticle that allows for gas exchange

A

Stomata

56
Q

What is meant by the following terms and how do they relate to one another:

cocci, bacilli, spirilli, vibrio

A

Cocci: spherical

Bacilli: bar/rod shaped

Sprilli: spiral

Vibrio: comma shaped

All are shapes of bacteria

57
Q

What are the four types of seed dispersal?

A
  1. Self
  2. Wind
  3. Water
  4. Animal
58
Q

The female reproductive structures of a flower

A

Pistil

59
Q

An enormous mass of algae

A

Algae Bloom

60
Q

The most important development to plants survival was

A

Vascular Tissue

61
Q

What do thin and thick tree rings indicate?

A

Thin ring - drought, poor growing season, little available sunlight

Thick ring - good growing season, plenty of water and sunlight

62
Q

Colorful, leaf-like structures found about the sepals; attract pollinators

A

Petals

63
Q

Identify the three main categories of plants & give an example of each

A
  1. Nonvascular plants - bryophytes (mosses)
  2. Seedless vascular - ferns
  3. Vascular - (trees, flowers)
64
Q

The basic structure of a virus

A

DNA or RNA and a protein coat

65
Q

What are the parts of the pistil and their function?

A
  1. Stigma - top of the pistil that is sticky/hairy to trap pollen
  2. Style - connects the stigma to the ovary
  3. Ovary - becomes the fruit after fertilization
  4. Ovules - eggs, which become seeds if fertilized
  5. Fruit - the ripened ovary of a plant containing seeds
66
Q

Vascular plants are divided into these two categories?

A

Gymnosperms & Angiosperms

67
Q

List characteristics associated with monocots

A

1 seed leaf

Leaf veins are parallel

Petals are in multiples of 3

Have fibrous roots

Vascular bundles are scattered

68
Q

Any organism that is not a plant, animal, fungus, or prokaryote is a

A

Protist

69
Q

Hyphae are

A

single thread-like cells that make up a mushroom

70
Q

The function of reverse transcriptase is to

A

Copy the viral RNA into DNA

71
Q

What is gravitropism?

A

The response of the plant to gravity which causes the stem to grow up and the roots to grow down

72
Q

Malaria is caused by this animal-like protist

A

Plasmodium falciparum

73
Q

A response that causes plants to grow towards touch

A

Thigmotropism

74
Q

What are some examples of beneficial uses of bacteria?

Roles in the environment?

A

Mining for minerals, creating antibiotics, cleaning up oil spills

Nitrogen fixation, recycling nutrients, carrying out photosynthesis, breaking down decaying matter

75
Q

Plant-like protists are classified based on

A

What color they are

76
Q

The main function of fruit is

A

Dispersing seeds

77
Q

What are 6 ways bacteria can be classified?

A
  1. Chemicals in cell wall
  2. Method of movement
  3. Method of obtaining energy
  4. Where they live
  5. If they need oxygen or not
  6. Shapes/arrangements
78
Q

List the steps of the lytic cycle.

A
  1. Attachment
  2. Entry
  3. Replication
  4. Assembly
  5. Release
79
Q

Found in the cap of a mushroom (in between the gills), this structure is responsible for producing spores

A

Basidia

80
Q

The two bacterial kingdoms are

A

Eubacteria & Archaebacteria

81
Q

Antibiotics only work on

A

Bacterial diseases

82
Q

Production of new xylem and phloem is carried out here

A

Cambium

83
Q

Polio, HPV, HIV (AIDS), the flu, and small pox are caused by

A

Viruses

84
Q

Identify and describe the method of asexual bacterial reproduction.

A

Binary fission - the bacteria:

  • grows to a point where it’s double its original size
  • replicates its DNA (including plasmids)

splits in half

85
Q

What do chemoautotrophs use to produce energy?

A

Chemicals

86
Q

The main functions of this plant structure are to provide structural support for upright growth of the plant and to transport water and food to all parts of the plant

A

Stem

87
Q

Stamen

A

Male reproductive structures of a flower

88
Q

Single stranded RNA molecules that have no surrounding capsid and that cause plant diseases

A

Viroids

89
Q

What is a bacteriophage?

A

A virus that only infects bacteria

90
Q

How are protists classified?

A

Based on how they obtain energy

91
Q

Define “lyse”

A

disintegrate a cell by rupture of the cell wall or membrane

Pre-AP Biology 101 (12 decks)

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