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Pre-AP Biology 101 > Midterm Review! > Flashcards

Midterm Review! Flashcards

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1
Q

Hair color, skin color, and eye color are examples of

A

Polygenic traits - traits controlled by more than one gene

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2
Q

The three reasons a cell must divide are

A

Too much waste

Not enough nutrients

DNA overload

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3
Q

The process by which organisms with favorable variations survive and reproduce more offspring than less well-adapted organisms

A

Natural Selection

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4
Q

How would Down’s syndrome be detected on a karyotype?

A

By the presence of an extra chromosome 21

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5
Q

Which kingdoms contain organisms with cell walls?

A

Eubacteria, Archaebacteria, Protista, Fungi, Plantae

(everything except animalia)

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6
Q

A black chicken (BB) and a white chicken (WW) are crossed and the result is all erminette (speckled) chickens. This is an example of what form of inheritance?

A

Codominance

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7
Q

What are the possible blood types? What are the genotypic combinations possible from each phenotype?

A

A - AA or Ai (also written as IAIA or IAi)

B - BB or Bi (also written as IBIB or IBi)

AB - AB (also written as IAIB)

O - ii

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8
Q

How many variables do we test in an experiment? Why?

A

One. To isolate the variable and ensure that the results could only be caused by the one we are testing.

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9
Q

What is the 3 word definition for evolution?

A

Change over time

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10
Q

What is the difference between a dominant and a recessive trait?

A

A dominant allele will always show whenever the allele for that trait is present; it masks the recessive trait; is represented with a capital letter

A recessive allele will only show whenever two of the allele for that trait are present; can be hidden in the presence of a dominant trait; is represented with a lower case letter

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11
Q

Where does translation occur? What kind of molecule is made through translation?

A

Translation occurs in the cytoplasm at the ribosome.

Translation is the process of using tRNA to read the mRNA and make proteins

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12
Q

What is meant by the terms diploid and haploid?

A

Diploid and haploid are terms that refer to the chromosome count of an organism

Diploid is a full set of chromosomes, represented by 2N; in humans, the diploid number is 46 and all somatic cells are diploid

Haploid is a half set of chromosomes, represented by N; in humans, the haploid number is 23 and all gametes are haploid

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13
Q

The source of muscles burning is

A

The build up of lactic acid from lactic acid fermentation

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14
Q

ATP is composed of

A

Adenine, ribose sugar, 3 phosphates

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15
Q

Which sex chromosomes does a father give his child? What is the probability that a sperm will carry each one?

A

X or Y

50% X

50% Y

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16
Q

The diffusion of water

A

Osmosis

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17
Q

Three letters in a row in mRNA is

Three letters in a row in tRNA is

A

mRNA - a codon

tRNA - an anticodon

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18
Q

Label the parts of the chromosome

A
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19
Q

The monomers of lipids

A

Glycerol and fatty acids

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20
Q

The difference between an autotroph and a heterotroph

A

Autotrophs - make their own food

Heterotrophs - cannot make their own food

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21
Q

Perform a monohybrid cross of Tt and Tt. T - tall, t - short. Mendelian genetic rules apply.

What is the probability the offspring will be tall? Give the phenotypic and genotypic ratios.

A

75% chance of being tall

Phenotypic Ratio: 3:1

Genotypic Ratio: 1:2:1

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22
Q

Genes contain the instructions for making

A

Proteins

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23
Q

The components of a DNA molecule include

A

Deoxyribose sugar

Phosphate

A nitrogen base (A, T, C, G)

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24
Q

Who was the first person to see living, moving cells?

A

Leeuwenhoek

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25
Q

C6H12O6 + 6O2 -> 6CO2 + 6H2O + 36ATP

A

Cellular Respiration Equation

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26
Q

Compare and contrast common and scientific names.

A

Common names - differ among languages, many exist

Scientific names - binomial nomenclature, universal, genus and species name, based in latin

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27
Q

How many chromosomes would be detected in a “normal” human karyotype?

In a human with Turner’s syndrome?

In a human with Down’s syndrome?

A

Normal - 46

Turner’s Syndrome (monosomy X) - 45

Down’s Syndrome (trisomy 21) - 47

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28
Q

Why is colorblindness more common in males than in females?

A

Because colorblindness is a sex linked recessive trait found on the X chromosome. Males only have one X chromosome, and thus only need one recessive gene to have the trait. Females have two X chromosomes and would need two recessive genes to have the trait.

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29
Q

Maintaining relatively stable internal conditions

A

Homeostasis

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30
Q

Give an example of each of the three types of natural selection

A

Directional - cheetah speed

Disruptive - Darwin’s finches

Stabilizing - baby size

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31
Q

List the levels of organization from smallest to largest

A

Atom -> Molecule -> Cell -> Tissue -> Organ -> Organ System -> Organism -> Population -> Community -> Ecosystem -> Biosphere

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32
Q

What can a karyotype show?

A

Autosomes, homologous pairs, sex chromosomes, extra chromosomes, if a chromosome is missing

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33
Q

Different structure, same function

A

Analogous Structure

34
Q

Which line do we use to read the genetic codon chart?

A

The mRNA

35
Q

Robert Hooke is famous for

A

Being the first to observe cork cells under a microscope and coining the word “cell”

36
Q

Compare and contrast the products of mitosis and meiosis

A

Mitosis - 2 identical daughter cells that are diploid (2N), meaning they have 46 chromosomes (2 full sets)

Meiosis - 4 unique daughter cells that are haploid (N), meaning they have 23 chromosomes (1 full set)

37
Q

Glycolysis results in the net gain of

A

2 ATP

38
Q

Why do plants appear green?

A

They reflect green light (the photosynthetic pigments do not absorb the green light)

39
Q

In which organelle does photosynthesis take place?

A

Chloroplast

40
Q

The three types of RNA are

A

mRNA, tRNA, rRNA

41
Q

What sex chromosomes does a mother give to her child? What is the probability?

A

Mothers can only give X chromosomes

100% X

42
Q

Identify this structure

A

rRNA

43
Q

A situation in which one allele for a trait is not completely dominant over the other allele for the trait

A

Incomplete dominance (blending)

44
Q

Identify this structure

A

tRNA

45
Q

Monomers of nucleic acids

A

Nucleotides

46
Q

What is a pedigree? What can it be used for?

A

A pedigree is a family tree that can be used to trace inheritance patterns through families. You can use them to determine if a trait is dominant or recessive, whether an individual possesses a trait or not, and the possibility of inheriting a trait

47
Q

Identify this structure

A

mRNA

48
Q

What is the advantage of a polygenic trait over a single gene trait?

A

A polygenic trait provides more variation than a single gene trait

49
Q

Where are most sex-linked genes located?

A

On the X chromosome

50
Q

The products of the cellular respiration equation are

A

6CO2, 6H2O, 36ATP

51
Q

Describe Schleiden, Schwann, and Virchow’s contributions to cell theory

A

Schleiden - plants are made of cells

Schwann - animals are made of cells

Virchow - new cells only come from existing cells

52
Q

In DNA, what determines the traits of an organism?

A

The sequence of nitrogenous bases!!!!! (A, T, C, G)

53
Q

What are the products of photosynthesis?

A

C6H12O6, 6O2

54
Q

The mitochondria is the site of

A

Cellular respiration

55
Q

Provide examples of homozygous dominant, homozygous recessive, and heterozygous

A

Homozygous dominant: AA, BB, CC, DD, etc…

Homozygous recessive: aa, bb, cc, dd, etc…

Heterozygous: Aa, Bb, Cc, Dd, etc…

56
Q

What is gel electrophoresis? What is it used to determine?

A

Gel electrophoresis is a method of separating DNA based on its size. It can be used to match a sample of unknown DNA to identify suspects, paternity, etc. The method is based off DNA fingerprinting.

57
Q

6CO2 + 6H2O + Light Energy -> C6H12O6 + 6O2

A

Photosynthesis Equation

58
Q

The monomers of proteins are

A

Amino acids

59
Q

Compare and contrast fermentation and respiration

A

Both take place after glycolysis

Fermentation takes place when there is no oxygen present for respiration

Fermentation does not produce ATP so the 2 ATP gained from glycolysis is the only energy product

Respiration contributes 34 ATP to glycolysis’s 2 ATP, resulting in 36 molecules of ATP being made from 1 molecule of glucose

60
Q

What is the difference between a point mutation and a chromosomal mutation?

A

A point mutation only affects one nucleotide in the sequence.

A chromosome mutation affects entire sections of the chromosome, or even whole chromosomes

61
Q

Perform a dihybrid cross of RrTt and RrTt

R - round, r - wrinkled; T - tall, t - short

What is the phenotypic ratio?

A

Phenotypic ratio - 9:3:3:1

62
Q

Where does transcription take place? Why? What is produced through transcription? How?

A

Transcription takes place in the nucleus of the cell because that is where the DNA is located. mRNA is made by using a DNA template.

63
Q

What is the role of the spindle in mitosis/meiosis?

A

Separate the chromosomes

64
Q

The complementary base pairing rule in DNA states that

Chargaff’s Rule states that

A

Purines pair with pyrimidines

The amount of purines and pyrimidines should be roughly equal (A should be the same as T and C should be the same as G)

(A - T and C - G)

65
Q

Why does diffusion occur?

A

Because of the random movement of particles (Brownian motion)

66
Q

DNA replication produces _________

A

2 copies of the DNA molecule that follows the semiconservative model, each with one old strand and one new strand

67
Q

A hypothesis is only useful if it is

A

Testable

68
Q

What is DNA fingerprinting? What is it based on?

A

DNA fingerprinting is a techinique used to identify people using their DNA. It is based on the idea that no two people, other than identical twins, have the exact same DNA.

69
Q

Monomers of carbohydrates

A

Monosaccharides

70
Q

All of the alleles for a particular trait for a given population at a certain time

A

Gene pool

71
Q

What are the sex chromosomes in a male?
In a female?

A

Male - XY

Female - XX

72
Q

Same structure, different function

A

Homologous structure

73
Q

Compare and contrast DNA and RNA

A

DNA: Deoxyribonucleic acid; deoxyribose is the sugar; contains ATCG as nucleotides; double stranded; found in the nucleus; is the genetic code

RNA: ribonucleic acid; ribose is the sugar; contains AUCG as nucleotides; single stranded; found in mRNA, tRNA, and rRNA forms; mRNA travels from the nucleus to the ribosome, tRNA is at the ribosome, rRNA makes up the ribosome; used in protein synthesis

74
Q

Pigments are

The main pigment in plants is

A

Pigments are substances that absorb specific wavelengths of light

Chlorophyll

75
Q

Structures whose use was lost over time and that are no longer functional

A

Vestigial Structures

76
Q

The two main sources of genetic variation are

Which is more common?

A

Gene shuffling and mutation

Gene shuffling is more common

77
Q

The reactants for the cellular respiration equation

A

C6H12O6, 6O2

78
Q

What are the reactants of the photosynthesis equation?

A

6CO2, 6H2O, light

79
Q

Anaerobic respiration is different than aerobic respiration in that

A

Aerobic takes place in the presence of oxygen and makes 36 net ATP

Anaerobic takes place without oxygen and makes 2 total ATP

80
Q

What are restriction enzymes? What do they do?

A

Restriction enzymes are enzymes that cut specific sections of DNA. This is done in order to sequence DNA.

81
Q

What is selective breeding? What does it produce?

A

Selective breeding is a form of artificial selection. Humans choose desirable traits in an organism and breed organisms to increase the frequency or expression of that trait. It produces organisms with the specific desirable trait.

82
Q

Describe the difference between genotype and phenotype

A

Genotype - the genes a person has for a particular trait; represented by alleles (letters)

Phenotype - the expression of a person’s genotype; what we see; physical appearance

Pre-AP Biology 101 (12 decks)

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