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Pre-AP Biology 101 > Final Review! > Flashcards

Final Review! Flashcards

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1
Q

How many variables are tested in a controlled experiment?

Be able to explain why.

A

1 variable

You test only one variable at a time so you can be sure it’s causing the change.

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2
Q

The levels of organization in order from smallest to largest are

A

Atom, Molecule, Cell, Tissue, Organ, Organ System, Organism, Population, Community, Ecosystem, Biosphere

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3
Q

Monomers of carbohydrates are

A

Monosaccharides

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4
Q

The polymers of carbohydrates are

A

Polysaccharides

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5
Q

Which two types of macromolecules are made up of only the elements carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen?

A

Lipids and Carbohydrates

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6
Q

List the four macromolecules (biomolecules)

A

Lipids

Carbs

Proteins

Nucleic Acids

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7
Q

Amino acids are the monomers of

A

Proteins

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8
Q

The polymers of proteins are known as

A

Polypeptides

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9
Q

DNA and RNA are which type of macromolecule?

A

Nucleic Acid

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10
Q

How would you differentiate between a eukaryotic and a prokaryotic cell?

A

Eukaryote - has a nucleus and membrane bound organelles

Prokaryote - no nucleus or membrane-bound organelles

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11
Q

The function of the _____ is to produce proteins

A

Ribosome

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12
Q

The functions of the cell are controlled by the

A

Nucleus

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13
Q

Ribosomes are made in the

A

Nucleolus

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14
Q

Where are molecules modified and packaged for shipment?

(which organelle)

A

Golgi Apparatus

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15
Q

Describe the functions of the smooth and rough endoplasmic reticulum

A

Smooth - makes lipids

Rough - makes proteins

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16
Q

Which organelle is important to macrophages?

Why?

A

Lysosome

The lysosomes contain digestive enzymes that break down cell parts and waste. Macrophages engulf foreign particles in the body as part of the immune system.

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17
Q

Briefly describe the function of the mitochondria

A

Powerhouse of the cell.

Makes ATP (energy) for the cell through cellular respiration

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18
Q

Where does photosynthesis occur?

Include the locations of the Light Reactions and the Calvin Cycle (part I and part II of photosynthesis)

A

Photosynthesis - chloroplast

Light Reactions - in the thlylakoids of the chloroplast

Calvin Cycle - in the stroma of the chloroplast

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19
Q

The role of the vacuole is to

A

Store water and materials

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20
Q

How do plant cells and animal cells differ?

A

Plant cells contain chloroplasts, a large central vacuole, and a cell wall

Animal cells contain centrioles

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21
Q

What is diffusion? Why does it occur? What is the name of the scientific phenomenon that causes it?

A

Diffusion is the net movement of particles from a higher concentration to a lower concentration.

It occurs because of the random movement of particles, known as Brownian Motion.

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22
Q

Describe the process for cellular respiration including the location, products, reactants, and formula (in words and chemical symbols)

A

Occurs in the mitochondria (glycolysis occurs in the cytoplasm)

Reactants: Glucose & Oxygen

Products: Carbon Dioxide, Water, & 36 ATP

Formula:

C6O6H12 + 6 O2 = 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + 36 ATP

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23
Q

Why types of organisms carry out cellular respiration?

A

All organisms except those that are anaerobic

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24
Q

Compare and contrast photosynthesis and cellular respiration.

A

They are opposite reactions. What are the reactants for one are the products for the other (and vice versa).

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25
Q

Light absorbing molecules known as ___________ are found in the _______ of plant cells.

A

Pigments

Chloroplasts

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26
Q

How do the light dependent reactions differ from the light independent reactions?

A

Light dependent: occurs in the thylakoids; splits water and uses electrons to generate energy; creates oxygen

Light independent: occurs in the stroma and uses energy from electron carriers to turn carbon dioxide into glucose

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27
Q

The three reasons a cell divides are

A
  1. Too much waste
  2. Too little food
  3. Too much stress on the DNA
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28
Q

Describe the phases of the cell cycle in the order they occur.

A

Interphase: G1, S, G2 (G 1 & 2 - growth, S - synthesis)

Mitosis (PMAT)

Prophase - nuclear membrane dissoves, chromatin turns into chromosomes, spindle fibers form

Metaphase - chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell

Anaphase - chromosomes separate and pull chromatid to opposite ends of cell

Telophase - two nuclei form around chromosomes, spindles disappear, centrioles sleep

Cytokinesis: division of the cytoplasm

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29
Q

What is the difference between the cell cycle and cell division?

A

Cell Cycle: includes interphase, mitosis, and cytokinesis

Cell Division: includes only mitosis and cytokinesis

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30
Q

Cancer occurs because of

A

Uncontrolled cell growth due to DNA damage (mutation)

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31
Q

Compare and contrast mitosis and meiosis

A

Mitosis: 2 genetically identical diploid cells; makes somatic (body) cells; only 1 division

Meiosis: 4 genetically different haploid cells; creates gametes (sex cells); 2 divisions

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32
Q

Diploid and haploid refer to

A

Diploid - 2 sets of each chromosome (2n); body cells

Haploid - 1 set of each chromosome

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33
Q

Genetic variation during meiosis occurs primarily through which two methods?

A

Crossing over during Prophase I

Independent assortment of chromosomes

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34
Q

Compare and contrast DNA and RNA

A

DNA: deoxyribose sugar, double stranded, contains thymine

RNA: ribose sugar, single stranded, contains uracil

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35
Q

The three types of RNA are

A

mRNA (messenger) - takes DNA code to ribosome from nucleus

tRNA (transfer) - brings amino acids to ribosome

rRNA (ribosomal) - makes up the ribosome

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36
Q

What type of RNA would you expect to find in the nucleus?

A

mRNA

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37
Q

How do transcription and translation differ? They are both part of which process?

A

Transcription: occurs in nucleus, DNA code copied to mRNA

Translation: occurs at the ribosome, mRNA code used to make proteins

Protein synthesis

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38
Q

The physical characteristics of an organism

A

Phenotype

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39
Q

The alleles for a trait

A

Genotype

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40
Q

Pick out the homozygous genotypes from the following list:

AA, Tt, gg, Ff, Jj, kk, Ll, mm

A

AA, gg, kk, mm

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41
Q

Type of inheritance where a heterozygote has a phenotype in between the two homozygous phenotypes

A

Incomplete dominance

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42
Q

Type of inheritance where a heterozygote will display both the dominant and recessive traits

A

Codominance

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43
Q

When there is more than one gene that controls a particular trait

A

Polygenic inheritance

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44
Q

When there are more than two alleles for one trait (ex. Blood type)

A

Multiple alleles

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45
Q

What did Darwin observe in his publications?

A

He observed variations in traits that organisms had on his travels and determined that individuals had traits that suited their environment because it gave them an advantage over those that didn’t have that trait.

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46
Q

The ability to survive and reproduce

A

Fitness

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47
Q

All of the collective alleles in a population

A

Gene pool

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48
Q

Study of classification and naming

A

Taxonomy

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49
Q

Binomial nomenclature consists of the

A

Genus and species

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50
Q

List the taxonomic levels in order from most broad to most specific

A

Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species

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51
Q

Ball and socket, hinge, sliding, and immobile are all types of

A

Joints

52
Q

Where would you find a ball and socket joint?

A

Hips and shoulders

53
Q

Your elbows and knees are examples of

A

Hinge joints

54
Q

Your wrist is an example of a _______ joint

A

Sliding

55
Q

Immobile joints can be found in

A

Your skull

56
Q

The functions of the _____ system are to support your body, provide structure, store minerals, and provide protection

A

Skeletal

57
Q

Compare tendons and ligaments

A

Tendons - bone to muscle

Ligament - bone to bone

58
Q

Movement muscles located next to bones

Striated

Voluntary control

Which type of muscle?

A

Skeletal

59
Q

Only in the heart

Striated

Involuntary control

Which type of muscle?

A

Cardiac

60
Q

Hollow organs and blood vessels

Not striated

Involuntary control

Which type of muscle?

A

Smooth

61
Q

The circulatory system includes the

A

Heart, blood vessels, lymph nodes, lymphatic vessels, and blood

62
Q

The function of the ______ system is to transport nutrients and oxygen throughout the body

A

Circulatory

63
Q

Describe the function of the lymphatic system.

A

Filters fluid, collects lost fluid and returns it to the circulatory system, transports fat-soluble vitamins

64
Q

How do arteries, veins, and capillaries differ?

A

Arteries - away from the heart, high pressure, thick walls of smooth muscle, no valves

Veins - take blood back to heart, low pressure, thin walls with little smooth muscle, has valves present to prevent backflow of blood

Capillaries - small blood vessels that connect veins and arteries

65
Q

During which processes will water be lost from the body

A

Respiration, excretion (sweating/urination)

66
Q

Compare/contrast chemical and mechanical digestion

A

Chemical digestion - occurs when enzymes and other chemicals break down material; occurs in mouth (salivary amylase) and stomach (pepsin and hydrochloric acid)

Mechanical digestion - physical breakdown of material

67
Q

Fill in the missing pieces

Mouth –> ________ –> Esophagus –> Stomach –> _______ –> ________ –> Rectum –> ______

A

Pharynx, Small Intestine, Large Intestine, Anus

68
Q

How does sugar get broken down during digestion? Where?

A

Salivary amylase in the mouth

69
Q

_____ and _____ occur in the kidney in order to filter blood

A

Filtratrion and absorption

70
Q

Why is testosterone important to the body?

A

Necessary for the development of sperm and secondary sex characteristics

71
Q

How many bones are in an adult human skeletal?

A

206

72
Q

Describe how an impulse travels down a neuron and gets across the synapse to the next neuron.

A

As an impulse gets to the axon terminals of the nerve, they stimulate the release of neurotransmitters that travel to the dendrites of the next neuron. As the neurotransmitters are picked up by the dendrites, they initiate another impulse in the second neuron.

73
Q

________ increase heart rate, breathing, and blood pressure while _____ descrease heart rate, breathing, and blood pressure.

A

Stimulants

Depressants

74
Q

How do enzymes affect the speed of a reaction?

A

They increase the reaction rate by lowering the activation energy.

75
Q

Name and describe three ways bacteria are classified.

A

Shape, arrangement, ways of obtaining energy, where they are found, makeup of the cell wall

76
Q

Cocci, bacilli, and spirilla are which shapes?

A

Cocci - spherical

Bacilli - rod

Spirilla - spiral

77
Q

A disease-causing organism

A

Pathogen

78
Q

Which type of test is used to separate the two bacterial kingdoms?

A

Gram staining

(gram positie = purple, gram negative = red)

79
Q

What are some ways bacteria are helpful to humans?

A

Occupy human body (E. coli in intestines help to digest food, bacteria on the skin compete with other organisms), clean up oil spills, mine minerals, make antibiotics, used in food production

80
Q

Describe the basic structure of a virus.

A

Nucleic acid (DNA or RNA) surrounded by a protein coat (capsid)

81
Q

Why are viruses not classified as living?

A

They are not made up of cells and cannot reproduce or maintain a metabolism on their own

82
Q

Cumulates in the death of the host cell; viruses burst from the dying host

A

Lytic cycle

83
Q

Does not destroy the host cell, genetic material is copied

A

Lysogenic cycle

84
Q

Strep throat, tuberculosis, anthrax, staph infections, food poisoning, tetanus, and bubonic plague are all types of _______ diseases

A

Bacterial

85
Q

The common cold, influenza, SARS, AIDS, hepatitis, and ebola are caused by

A

Viruses

86
Q

Can be treated by antibiotics and prevented with vaccines

A

Bacterial diseases

87
Q

Cannot be treated with antibiotics but can be prevented with vaccines

A

Viral diseases

88
Q

The role an organism plays in its environment and how it interacts with its surroundings and ecosystem

A

Niche

89
Q

Where an organism lives

A

Habitat

90
Q

When an ecosystem is replaced by another ecosystem after some event that destroys everything including the soil

A

Primary succession

91
Q

Describe secondary succession

A

When an ecosystem is replaced by another after some event that does not destroy the soil (ex. Farming, fires)

92
Q

How much energy is transferred from one trophic level to the next? What happens to the rest?

A

10%

Lost as heat

93
Q

The process of converting atmospheric nitrogen into forms that are usable by other organisms

A

Nitrogen fixation

94
Q

Study of life

A

Biology

95
Q

Only eats producers

A

Herbivore

96
Q

Omnivores eat

A

Both plants (producers) and animals (consumers)

97
Q

Eats only other consumers

A

Carnivore

98
Q

Breaks down dead and decaying materials

A

Decomposers

99
Q

Compare mutualism, commensalism, and parasitism

A

Mutualism - both organisms benefit

Commensalism - one benefits and the other is neither harmed nor helped

Parasitism - one organism lives and feeds on another organism

100
Q

Carrying capacity is used to determine _______ because

A

Whether or not a population can increase

At carrying capacity, resources become more limited

101
Q

What is penicillium

A

A fungus that produces an antibiotic (penicillin)

102
Q

Ringworm, athlete’s foot, thrush, zygomycosis, and yeast infections are caused by

A

Fungi

103
Q

What are some diseases caused by protists?

A

Malaria (Plasmodium), toxoplasmosis (Toxoplasma), cryptosporidium (Cryptosporidium), African sleeping sickness (Trypanosoma), Amoebic dysentery (Entamoeba)

104
Q

A symbiotic relationship between a fungi and an algae OR a fungi and a cyanobacteria

A

Lichen

105
Q

How do angiosperms reproduce?

A

Reproduces using flowers

106
Q

Vascular bundles scattered in stem

A

Monocots

107
Q

Vascular bundles form a ring

A

Dicot

108
Q

Flower petals are in multiples of 3

A

Monocot

109
Q

Leaf veins form a branched pattern

A

Dicot

110
Q

Leaf veins form a parallel pattern

A

Monocot

111
Q

Flower petals in multiples of four or five

A

Dicot

112
Q

How do stomata work?

A

Stomata open during the day when there is sufficient water available

They close at night

They are openings that allow gas exchange to occur for photosynthesis

113
Q

Which type of tropism causes plants to move towards the light?

A

Phototropism

114
Q

Plants respond to gravity through ______, which ensures the plant grows up out of the ground and the roots grow into the ground

A

Gravitropism

115
Q

Plants are able to respond to touch through

A

Thigmotropism

116
Q

What type of leaves would be good for limited sun availability?

A

Broad flat leaves

117
Q

What type of leaves would be good for cold weather?

A

small, needle-like leaves

118
Q

How are protists classified?

A

By how they obtain their food

119
Q

Plant-like protists are classified based on

A

Color

120
Q

Animal like protists are classified based on

A

How they move

121
Q

Fungus like protists are classified based on

A

How they reproduce

122
Q

Cephalization means

A

Having sensory organs located in the front (has a head)

123
Q

True or false: endotherms are able to control their body temperatures internally

A

True

124
Q

The skeleton is located on the outside

A

Exoskeleton

125
Q

Endoskeletons are located

A

on the inside of the body

Pre-AP Biology 101 (12 decks)

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