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Freshman year > Unit 6- evolution > Flashcards

Unit 6- evolution Flashcards

~27 questions

1
Q

what is evolution?

A

change over time

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2
Q

natural selection

A

individuals with certain traits are more likely to survive and reproduce than others
-mechanism of descent with modification

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3
Q

taxonomy

A

branch of biology concerning identifying, naming and classifying species

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4
Q

species definition

A

pop’s can interbreed and produce fertile offspring with eachother

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5
Q

what ship did Darwin travel on after quitting med school

A

HMS beagle - collected thousands of specimens while traveling the world

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6
Q

where did Darwin make his most profound discoveries?

A

Galapagos islands

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7
Q

what book did Darwin write?

A

The Origin of Species where he explains his Theory of Evolution

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8
Q

theory def

A

widely accepted explanation that is broader than a hypo

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9
Q

hierarchical classification (specific to least specific)

A

species —> genus –> family —> order –> class –>phylum –> kingdom –>domain

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10
Q

fossil record

A

ordered sequence of fossils by age
- marking the passage of geological time

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11
Q

fossil def

A

imprints/remains of organisms that lived in the past
-studied by paleontologists

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12
Q

what can fossils be preserved by?

A

resin, ice, bogs, layered sediment at the bottom of water bodies

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13
Q

how is relative age determined in a fossil?

A

radiometric decay of FIRST layer of desigment

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14
Q

homology

A

similarity resulting from common ancestry

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15
Q

vestigial structures

A

remnants of features that performed important functions in an individual’s ancestor

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16
Q

examples of vestigial structures

A

embryonic similarities
goosebumps
wisdom teeth

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17
Q

artificial selection

A

selective breeding of plants/animals to promote occurrence of desirable traits

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18
Q

do individuals or populations evolve?

A

Populations - individual variation DOES NOT result in evolution, only gen. variation does

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19
Q

how does natural selection occur?

A

a random advantageous mutation occurs that helps individual survive to reproduce –> trait increases every generation —> entire species has evolved to have trait

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20
Q

what three things increase gen. variation?

A

random fertilization
crossing over
law of indep. assortment

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21
Q

population def

A

a group of individuals of the same species that live in the same area

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22
Q

gene pool

A

frequency of alleles

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23
Q

mechanism of microevolution

A

genetic drift

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24
Q

who was the first to suggest species evolved from interactions with environment?

A

Jean-Baptiste Lamarck

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25
Q

analogous structures

A

similar structures that evolve independently (not bc of common ancestry)

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26
Q

Lamarck vs. Darwin

A

Lamarck thought that individuals evolved throughout their lifetime while Darwin believed in descent with modification gradually

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27
Q

fitness

A

an indv’s ability to survive and pass on its gen. info to offspring
-reproductive evolutionary sucess

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28
Q

genetic variation def

A

differences in DNA/traits among diff pops of same species

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29
Q

adaptation def

A

process in which species becomes fitted to their environment

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30
Q

survival of the fittest

A

organisms that are the most ‘fit’ or ‘adapted’ to their environment have higher chance of surviving and reproducing

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31
Q

genetic drift

A

a RANDOM change in the gene pool of a pop

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32
Q

bottleneck effect

A

gen. drift due to drastic reduction in pop. size which decrease gen. variability
-some alleles lost
-overrepresenation of alleles

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33
Q

how long will gen. drift go on for in bottleneck effect?

A

gen. drift will continue until pop. is large enough where it becomes insignificant

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34
Q

does the founder effect happen with small/large pops?

A

occurs when small number of indvs are separated from parent pop.
-reduces gen. variation?

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35
Q

gene flow

A

gen. drift where a pop. may gain or lose alleles by gen. exchange with another pop
-might cause pop’ s to merge
-caused by immigration/emigration

36
Q

which famous philosopher held the idea that species are fixed?

A

Aristotle

37
Q

Who developed a concept identical to Darwin?

A

Wallace

38
Q

Who came up with gradualism principal/theory that earth was VERY old and sculpted by graudal geologic processes?

A

Lyell (scottish geologist)

39
Q

sexual selection

A

indv’s with certain (attractive) traits are more likely to mate than others

40
Q

sexual dimorphism def

A

secondary sexual traits that help in attract
e.g. colorful adornments, feathers, etc

41
Q

directional selection

A

individuals with allele at ONE end of trait are favored
e.g. antibiotic resistance

42
Q

disruptive

A

opposite ends of trait are favored, creating contrast
e.g. big can scare off others, small can hide, medium size would die

43
Q

stablizing

A

individuals with intermediate trait are favored
e.g, newborn human birth weight

44
Q

speciation def

A

process in which one species splits into 2+ species

45
Q

comparative embyrology

A

comparison of structures that appear during fetal development of diff. species to determine relatedness

46
Q

hardy-weinberg equilibrium conditions

A
  1. no mutations
  2. no net movement
  3. large population
  4. random mating
  5. all alleles are equally viable (no natural selection)
47
Q

molecular evidence of evolution

A

common. gen code shared by all organisms allows comparisons
+ shows that all life once had a common ancestor

48
Q

coevolution

A

2 organisms evolving simultaneously to benefit each other
e.g. trumpet flower and humming bird

49
Q

reproductive barriers function

A

prevent gen info from being passed on between different species

50
Q

prezygotic barriers

A

prevent fertilized egg from forming

51
Q

prezygotic barrier types

A
  1. temporal isolation
  2. habitat isolation
  3. mechanical isolation
  4. gametic isolation
52
Q

post-zygote barriers function

A

operate If organisms do interbreed and a hybrid zygote is formed

53
Q

post-zygote: reduced hybrid viability/vitality

A

hybrid dies before maturity

54
Q

post-zygote: reduced hybrid fertility

A

hybrids become adults but are sterile

55
Q

post-zygote: hybrid breakdown

A

first gen. hybrids survive and reproduce but THEIR children are weak/sterile

56
Q

3 domains of life

A

Archaea, Bacteria, Eukarya

57
Q

allopatric speciation

A

occurs as a result of geographic isolation

58
Q

sympatric speciation

A

origin of new species without geographic isolation
-polyploid

59
Q

polyploid def

A

accidentally creates a new species bc of cell division errors —> two complete sets of chromosomes and can no longer mate with parent pop.
-usually happens in plants

60
Q

convergent evolution

A

two unrelated species develop similar traits bc they live in sim. environments

61
Q

divergent evolution

A

individuals in one species acquire enough gen. variations to speciate

62
Q

p^2 + 2pq + q^2 = ?

A

1

63
Q

examples of macroevolution

A

gen drift- bottleneck, founder, gene flow

64
Q

q represents what?

A

recessive allele

65
Q

p represents what?

A

dominant allele

66
Q

pq represents what?

A

heterozygotes

67
Q

p + q = ?

A

1 / 100%

68
Q

there are 40/100 indv’s in a pop. with blue eyes, a recessive allele

what is the frequency of the heterozygotes?

A

0.4% = p
0.6% = q

ans: 0.24%

69
Q

what was early earth’s atmosphere like?

A

C02, H20, CO, H2, N2, NH3, ammonia, H2S, CH4
-No free 02 present

70
Q

what was early/primordial earth like?

A

originally cold, but heat built up with radioactive decay, gases, hot springs, volcanoes, or collisions

71
Q

4 conditions necessary for chemical evolution to occur

A
  1. absence of free O2 (would have broken down organic molecules)
  2. energy (storms, volcanoes, UV radiation, etc)
  3. chemicals
  4. time
72
Q

Urey and Miller’s experiment

A

designed an apparatus that simulated conditions on early earth
—> saw that these conditions produced aa’s and early building blocks

73
Q

4 stage hypo for origin of life

A
  1. synthesis of small organic molecules from abiotic chemicals
  2. link monomers —> polymers
  3. self-replicating molecules (RNA) for inheritance
  4. formation of pre-cells (molecular packages with SOME properties of life)
    —> simple cells
74
Q

what comes first, simple or complex molecules?

A

simple-
e.g. unicellular —> multicellular
anaerobic —> aerobic
asexual —> sexual

75
Q

evolutionary novelty

A

structure/component of an organism that allows it to perform a new function
e.g. wings, feathers, big brains

76
Q

biogeography

A

study of the distribution of plant and animal species over time

77
Q

what is the only way to create new alleles?

A

mutation - original source of gel. variation that serves as raw material for natural selection

78
Q

characs of primates

A

large brains, dexterous hands, opposable thumbs, eyes in front of face, hand-eye coordination, single births, limber shoulder-joints

79
Q

hominid species in order of evolution

A

Australopithecus and bipedalism (Lucy)
homo habilis and tools
homo erectus and large brains
homo neanderthals and large brain, hunting, tools
homo sapiens

80
Q

are we still evolving?

A

yes

81
Q

multiregional theory

A

human evolution started in Africa —> migrate to all 4 continents and evolve simultaneously
- less likely as all humans did not speciate

81
Q

out of Africa theory

A

modern humans arose from ONE African like (other lines outside of Africa went extinct) and that line spread to all continents around 100,000 years ago

82
Q

cladograms

A

models showing evolutionary relationships

83
Q

Galapagos finches showed Darwin how…

A

one species can become isolated and diverge as they become adapted to each environment
-specifically diff beaks to eat diff food

84
Q

how did antibiotic resistance increase?

A

went through directional selection
-same with insecticides

Freshman year (28 decks)

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