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Freshman year > Unit 5 (chapter 10)- DNA, protein synth, genetic engineering > Flashcards

Unit 5 (chapter 10)- DNA, protein synth, genetic engineering Flashcards

~18 questions

1
Q

DNA

A

Stores gen. instructions
-deoxyribonucleic acid
-double stranded
-thymine no uracil
-stays INSIDE nucleus

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2
Q

RNA

A

ribonucleic acid
single-stranded
uracil no thymine
goes OUTSIDE nucleus

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3
Q

Nucleotide base-pairs

A

A - T/U
C - G

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4
Q

m (messenger) RNA

A

RNA that travels to ribosome and has codons that correspond to tRNA anticodon

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5
Q

t (transfer) RNA

A

carries aa’ s and anticodons that when bonded to mRNA codons, releases aa’s to form pp chains

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6
Q

r (ribosomal) RNA

A

makes up ribosomal subunits

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7
Q

genes

A

portions of DNA that code for specific traits

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8
Q

what do you use to read a codon chart?

A

MRNA ONLY MRNA!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

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9
Q

codon chart

A

chart that uses MRNA to translate gen. code to corresponding aa’ s

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10
Q

transcription- initiation

A
  1. initiation- promoter starts sequence when RNA polymerase attaches
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11
Q

transcription- elongation

A
  1. elongation- RNA grows longer as RNA polymerase adds comp. bases and starts to pull away from DNA template
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12
Q

transcription- termination

A
  1. termination- RNA polymerase reaches terminator and detaches, DNA strands rejoin
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13
Q

RNA polymerase

A

adds/binds comp. bases from DNA template to form RNA

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14
Q

what is translation?

A

mRNA —> tRNA —> aa

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15
Q

what is transcription-?

A

DNA —> mRNA

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16
Q

translation- initiation

A

mRNA goes to ribosome and subunits bind together

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17
Q

translation- elongation

A

aa’s are released from tRNA as their anticodons bind to mRNA codons and added to pp chain

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18
Q

translation- termination

A

stop codon tells translation to stop elongating; pp is freed and ribosome splits

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19
Q

protein synthesis

A

pp chains fold together to create protein

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20
Q

what are some things that can cause a protein to stop functioning/denature?

A

pH changes
temp changes

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21
Q

how many possible codons are there?
how many aa’s are there?

A

64
20

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22
Q

DNA polymerase

A

make DNA strands by assembling nucleotides and “proof-reads” when assembling too

23
Q

helicase

A

unzips DNA strands by breaking H bonds holding the bases together

24
Q

primase

A

makes primer so DNA polym. knows where to start replicating

25
Q

ligase

A

glues DNA fragments (okazaki) together

25
Q

nucelotides

A

monomer of nucleic acids

26
Q

what are nucleotides (DNA, RNA) made of?

A

sugar, phosphate, nitrogenous bases (A, G, C, T, U)

27
Q

purine

A

double rings; guanine and adenine

28
Q

pyrmidines

A

single rings; thymine, cytosine, uracil

29
Q

DNA replication steps

A
  1. starts at origin
  2. helicase unzips strands
  3. primase makes primers at both ends
  4. DNA polym. builds new strands
  5. ligase glues okazaki fragments
30
Q

when does DNA replication need to happen?

A

interphase, before a cell splits

31
Q

enzymes (-ase)

A

proteins that speed up/ catalyze reactions

32
Q

what type of bonds pair nucleotide bases?

A

hydrogen bonds- weaker

33
Q

why is the bottom strand in DNA replication called the lagging strand?

A

since DNA polymerase can only build in the 5’ to 3’ direction, it needs to keep going up (keep adding primers) to where the unwinding is happening

34
Q

okazaki fragments

A

fragments made due to lagging strand; sealed together by ligase

35
Q

what is the end product of DNA replication?

A

two identical double stranded DNA molecules

semi- conservative one strand new, one strand old

36
Q

mutations

A

change in a DNA sequence

insertion, deletion, substitutions

37
Q

base insertions or deletions
(frame shift mutations)

A

adding or subtracting bases
(usually disastrous consequences)

38
Q

base substitutions

A

replacement of one base for another
-can have no effect
- if 3rd base is changed, likely no change will happen

39
Q

start codon

A

methionine (MET)

40
Q

stop codon

A

3 of these; code for no AA

41
Q

upside to mutations

A

diversity

42
Q

introns

A

“intruders” - junk/noncoding DNA that is removed during splicing

43
Q

exons

A

“excellent” -coding regions od DNA; they are spliced together

44
Q

small ribosomal subunit

A

binding sites for mRNA

45
Q

large ribosomal subunit

A

binding sites for tRNA

46
Q

does splicing need to happen in prokaryotes?

A

no! mRNA is prepared already

47
Q

cap and tail

A

protect RNA from enzymes and help ribosomes recognize it as mRNA

48
Q

what type of RNA is spliced?

A

mRNA

49
Q

RNA splicing

A

introns are removed and exons spliced together in nucleus then go to ER (Endoplasmic reticulum)

50
Q

RNA editing (very rare)

A

insertion, deletion, substitution of a base when errors occur in transcription

51
Q

sugar-phosphate backbone

A

supports the anti-parallel structure of nucleic acids
- 3’ to 5’ and 5’ to 3’

52
Q

how did Franklin discover the structure of DNA?`

A

x-ray diffraction

Freshman year (28 decks)

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