Unit 5 (chapter 12)

Question 1

Human genome project

Answer 1

journey to know the nucleotide sequence of all the DNA in the human genome + the location/sequence of every gene

Question 2

Recombining DNA steps

Answer 2

1. gene of interest and plasmid cut by same restriction enzyme and bonded with ligase
2. recomb. plasmid mix with bacteria
3. bacteria with gene of interest reproduces
4. copies of gene / protein product of gene harvested

Question 3

plasmid

Answer 3

small, circular DNA molecules harvested from bacteria that serve as vectors by carrying ANY gene
-hereditary

Question 4

restriction enzymes

Answer 4

recognize specific nucleotide sequences and CUTS them at the restriction site

Question 5

humulin (human insulin) steps

Answer 5

isolate humulin gene -> transfer humulin gene to E.Coli and grown in mass for production

Question 6

how is Human growth hormone (HGH) produced artificially?

Answer 6

gen. modified animal carries gene that produces that hormone

Question 7

tPA

Answer 7

an enzyme that cuts peptide bonds in proteins

Question 8

golden rice

Answer 8

rice that is gen. modified to contain beta-carotene for places insufficient in this

Question 9

EPO

Answer 9

hormone used illegally by athletes to boost RBC production to increase oxygen transport around body —> improve aerobic performance

Question 10

steps to make recombinant plasmid

Answer 10

1. SAME enzyme cuts two DNA molecules –> sticky ends
2. Ligase joins frags

Question 11

sticky ends

Answer 11

restriction enzyme cut where fragments are unequal
-it is EASY to rejoin

Question 12

blunt ends

Answer 12

restriction enzyme cut where frags are equal
-NOT as easy to rejoin

Question 13

which enzymes produce sticky ends?

Answer 13

EcoRi, BamHI, Hind3, Hhal

Question 14

which enzymes produce blunt ends?

Answer 14

Sma1, Alu1

Question 15

recombinant DNA

Answer 15

combined fragments of DNA from diff sources

Question 16

what does PCR (polymerase chain reaction) do?

Answer 16

makes billions of copies of a specific segment of DNA very quickly for gel electrophoresis —> DNA fingerprinting

Question 17

PCR steps

Answer 17

1. denature with heat to separate two strands
2. primers attach to spec. site
3. DNA polym. creates new strands with added nucleotides
4. start process with the 2-double stranded DNA to multiply exponentially

Question 18

gel electrophoresis

Answer 18

process to separate DNA according to size ->
placed in gel wells and electric current is applied, DNA is charged - and will move towards + pole
-smallest bands move fastest vice versa

Question 19

biotechnology

Answer 19

manipulation of organisms/their components to make useful products

Question 20

transgenic organism

Answer 20

organism that has acquired a gene from another organism

Question 21

plasmid reproduction- transformation

Answer 21

frag of DNA from environment enters bacteria carrier

Question 22

plasmid reproduction- transduction

Answer 22

frag of DNA from enters via phage

Question 23

plasmid reproduction- conjugation

Answer 23

donor cell sending copy of DNA to recipient cell via mating bridge

Question 24

ethical problems regarding DNA tech

Answer 24

Is tampering with human genes immoral?
Would making gen. changes decrease diversity?
Could genetic tests be used to discriminate?

Question 25

Charge of DNA

Answer 25

negative
-and will move towards + side in gel electrophoresis

Question 26

DNA fingerprinting

Answer 26

DNA separated by length and charge in gel electrophoresis and compared to determine the identity of a person

Question 27

steps of gel electrophoresis

Answer 27

1. load buffer in chamber
2. place agarose gel in chamber
3. load stained samples in wells
4. connect chamber to voltage wires and to power source
5. compare bands under UV light

Question 28

does therapeutic cloning produce a living organism?

Answer 28

No, but produces stem cells

Question 29

toti potent

Answer 29

potential to become any type of cell in body (stem cells)

Question 30

embryonic stem cells

Answer 30

made from blastocysts and are grown in culture to be used to repair damaged tissue
-controversial
-versatile

Question 31

adult stem cells

Answer 31

extracted from bone marrow and generates replacements for body cells
-less controversial but less versatile

Question 32

pluri potent

Answer 32

can become many diff. cells but not everything

Question 33

reproductive cloning steps

Answer 33

1. get egg cell from animal donor
2. remove nucleus
3. add body cells from adult donor to empty cell
4. grow in culture to form blastocyst
5. implant embryo in surrogate mother/grow in culture
6. clone of donor is born/grow specialized cells in dish

Question 34

gene therapy

Answer 34

intended to treat diseases by introducing new genes to an afflicted person

Question 35

gene therapy steps

Answer 35

1. normal gene cloned —> inserted into harmless virus
2. bone marrow from afflicted is taken and infected by virus
3. virus inserts DNA copy of recomb. gene into stem cells in bone marrow
4. engineered cells put back into patient
5. desired gene —> desired protein –> “fix” disorder

Question 36

CRISPR-Cas-9

Answer 36

enzymes found in bacteria that acts as a defense mechanism to cut up viral DNA
- we are trying to manipulate it to cut any gene we want with complementary guide RNA

Question 37

uses of gel electrophoresis

Answer 37

murder, paternity, rape, etc

Question 38

DNA ladder

Answer 38

sample with KNOWN fragment sizes to use as a reference to see how large fragments are alongside it
-500 bp, 1000 bp,1500 bp

Question 39

genetic engineering

Answer 39

the direct manipulation for practical purposes using biotech

Question 40

recombinant DNA

Answer 40

DNA from two different sources