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fall semester 2024-25 LSSU > Unit 6: Animals > Flashcards

Unit 6: Animals Flashcards

1
Q

Characteristics of the Animal Kingdom

A

Opisthokonta - Single posterior flagellum (sperm cells)
- all diploids
- Morphology of animal determined by developmental cues (unlike a tree, limbs all same spots)
-Complex tissue structure

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2
Q

Complex tissue structure

A

needed to find food and escape danger
Muscle tissue: movement
Neural tissue: Communication of multiple tissues

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3
Q

animal cells diff from plant cells bc of…

A

Tissue cells lack cell walls (may have a supportive matrix like bone)
Epithelial tissue: protects internal and external body surfaces
Differential tissues: carry out specific functions

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4
Q

group animals based on

A

tissues

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5
Q

Parazoa (P. Porifera) – Sponges:

A

No specialized tissues
24 cell types

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6
Q

Eumatezoa

A

(True Animals) Cnidaria, Ctenophera, Bilateria – specialized tissues derived from germ layers of the embryo

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7
Q

Gastrulation: Organogenesis

A

programmed development of tissue types and organ systems

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8
Q

Role of Hox genes in development

A

“Master control genes” – turn on or off large #s of genes
- controls general body plan
* Verts 4 sets, Inverts 1 set

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9
Q

Part of body plan: Symmetry

A

Ability to divide an animal in equal halves on at least one plane

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10
Q

Asymmetrical animals

A

Parazoa and Placozoa

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10
Q

Radial Symmetry

A

Divisible on two planes, or arranged around a central axis
-Cnidarians, Ctenophorans

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11
Q

Bilateral symmetry

A

division along the middle plane
- Head and tail, right and left, front and back
–Bilateria

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12
Q

what organisms are bilaterally symmetrical

A

All Eumetozoa (except those mentioned earlier…)
Echinodermata have bilateral symmetry in larval stage, are classified in
Bilateria

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13
Q

diploblast vs triploblast

A

Diploblasts: 2 layers –*Endoderm, ectoderm

Triploblasts (bilateria): 3 layers *Endoderm, ectoderm, mesoderm

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14
Q

3 layer descriptions
- endo, ecto, meso

A

Endoderm: lining digestive tract (and organs), trachea, bronchi, lungs

Ectoderm: Epithelial covering of body, nervous system

Mesoderm: specialized muscle tissues, connective tissue, blood cells

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15
Q

Triploblasts further divided by…

A

coelom type

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16
Q

Coelom

A

internal fluid-filled cavity surrounded by mesoderm,b etween visceral organs and body wall

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17
Q

Acoelomates

A

mesoderm completely filled with tissue – Platyhelminthes

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18
Q

Pseudocoelomates

A

Cavity lined with both mesoderm & Endoderm (only partially mesoderm) – Nematodes

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19
Q

true coelomates

A

Eucoelomates : Annelids, Mollusks, Arthropods, Echinoderms, Chordates
- is completely surrounded by muscle

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20
Q

Protostome vs Deuterostome

A

Protostome (mouth first): Mouth from Blastopore (Mollusk, Annelid, Arthropods)

Deuterostome (Mouth second): mouth from other end of tube – anus from blastopore (Chordates and Echinoderms) … we form anus first

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21
Q

Differences in Protosome Development: Schizocoely, Spiral Cleavage, Determinate Cleavage:

A

Schizocoely: 2 clumps form cavities then merge

Spiral Cleavage: cells rotated along poles – misaligned

Determinate Cleavage: Embryonic cell type determined at division

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22
Q

Deuterostome Development: Enterocoely, Radial Cleavage, Indeterminate Cleavage

A

Enterocoely: mesoderm block pinches to form cavity

Radial Cleavage: parallel alignment of cells between poles

Indeterminate Cleavage: Embryonic cells not committed to specific cell types
–> Importance of Stem Cells in research

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23
Q

how many phyla in animal kingdom

A

35-40 Phyla (only one subphyla has backbone)

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24
Q

choanoflagellate (protozoan) similar to

A

Choanocytes of porifera

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25
Q

within Eumetozoa

A

Bilateria and Radiata

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26
Q

within Bilateria

A

Protostomes and Deuterostomes

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27
Q

within Protostomes: Lophotrochozoa, Ecdysozoa

A

Lophotrochozoa: Trochophore larva or Lophophore (feeding structure)

Ecdysozoa: (moulting exoskeleton) Nematodes & Arthropods

  • ask yourself if it moults or not
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28
Q

Nuclear and Ribosomal DNA

A
  • enhances our understanding of relationships
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29
Q

Pre-Cambrian Animal Life

A
  • Edicarans: featherlike
  • Sponge-like (Coronacollina acula)
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30
Q

Cambrian Explosion: Why? (at this time and not another)

A
  • Environmental changes = suitable for animal life (oxygen-rich etc)
  • Hox Genes
  • Predator/prey relationships and co-evolution (bc selection pressure etc)
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31
Q

Cambrian Explosion: 542-488 MYA – Animals resembling (we saw)…

A

-pred/prey evol arms race
- Top predator = Arthropod
- Trilobite: most dominant species

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32
Q

Cambrian Explosion: Issues

A

likely diverse animal life existed earlier, we don’t know about because not on fossil record (ex. soft tissue)

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33
Q

Ordivician

A
  • See evolution of Land Plants and Land Animals at same time
  • Limbed appendages + scales to move to land
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34
Q

Mass Extinctions- Post Cambrian: End of Paleozoic Era, K-T Extinction, Late Cenozoic

A

End of Paleozoic Era – Permian reptiles replaced with Dinosaurs

K-T Extinction: Plants and dinosaurs replaced with mammals

Late Cenozoic: Ice ages, promoted speciation

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35
Q

Invertebrates account for

A

97% of all animals

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36
Q

Simplest Invertebrates

A

Sponges (P. Porifera)

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37
Q

Sponge Morphology: water entry and exit

A
  • Water enters through Ostia, exits through osculum
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38
Q

Sponge Morphology: Mesohyl, Amoebocytes, Sclerocytes

A

– jelly-like wall that contains…
Amoebocytes: stem cells–deliver nutrients, produce eggs

Sclerocytes: form skeletal like support - spicules (used to identify sponges)

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39
Q

Sponge Morphology: Feeding chambers - Choanocytes

A

Choanocytes: collar cells with flagella
* Can differentiate into sperm

40
Q

Sponge Morphology: cotains a spongocoel

A

Irregular cylinder/central cavity

41
Q

Sponge Morphology: Classification (they can be…)

A

simple or complex with many chambers

42
Q

Sponge Phylogenetics: Based on spicules 4 classes

*just read over

A
  1. Calcarea – CaCO3 spicules
  2. Hexactinellida (Glass Sponges)– Silicon – glass like spicules
  3. Demospongia – spongin - may not have spicules
  4. Sclerospongiae – multilayered CaCO3 skeletons
43
Q

Sponge Digestion

A
  • Food trapped by choanocytes, phagocytosis (pull it in)
44
Q

Sponge Reproduction: Sexual, eggs and sperm

A

Monecious
* Eggs from amoebocytes, sperm from choanocytes

45
Q

Sponge Reproduction: Asexual

  • Budding, Fragmentation, Gemmules
A

Budding: genetically identical outgrowth detaches ( a lot like a plant)

Fragmentation: piece brakes off, settles on new substrate

Gemmules: only freshwater sponges, go into dormancy and then become active again

46
Q

.

A
47
Q

Cnidarian defining cell type

A

Cnidocyte (stinging cell)

48
Q

cnidocile

A

hair like trigger
* Thread and barb

49
Q

CNIDERIAN 2 body plans

A

Medusa: mobile, bell shape,
tentacles

Polyp: sessile

50
Q

CNIDERIAN 2 layers + jelly-like middle

  • Endoderm, Ectoderm, Gastrovascular cavity
A

Endoderm: gastrodermis, Ectoderm: epidermis, Nonliving Mesoglea

Gastrovascular cavity: one opening – is both mouth and anus

51
Q

species of cnidaria

A

10,000

52
Q

CNIDERIA: 2 monophyletic clades

A

Anthozoa & Medusozoa

53
Q

Anthozoa

A

– Corals, sea fans, sea whips, anemones

54
Q

Medusozoa 3 classes
- Scyphozoa, Cubozoa, Hydrozoa

A

Scyphozoa: marine jellies mainly medusa with polyp stage

Cubozoa: box jellies– most dangerous

Hydrozoa: include freshwater jellies, polyp colony, Man’O’War

55
Q

Lophophore vs Trochophore

A

Lophophore: feeding structure – set of tentacles surrounding mouth

Trochophore: free-swimming larva – have cilia

56
Q

Cestoda

A

tapeworms (beef and pork)

57
Q

Rotiferans

A

Corona (head): paired ciliated feeding structures
* Body plan – Head, trunk, foot
* Monecious and Dioecious

58
Q

most dioecious

A

Nemertea (lophotrocozoa)

59
Q

Lophotrochozoa: Molluscs and Annelids both have

A

trochophore larvae

60
Q

Mollusca

  • mantle, radula
A

“Muscular Foot”
- internal organs are visceral mass

***Mantle – folds over visceral mass – contains gills
* Radula – feeding organ (not present in bivalves)

61
Q

Major Classes of Molluscs: Polyplacophora

A

– chitons

has hemocoel: open body cavity with circulation

62
Q

Major Classes of Molluscs: Bivalvia

A

– clams, oysters, geoducks, mussels, scallops
* Marine and freshwater, 2 halves

63
Q

Major Classes of Molluscs: Gastropoda

  • means, torsion
A

“stomach foot” – 1⁄2 of all molluscs

  • Torsion – development – rotation around axis – allows head to be retracted
64
Q

Major Classes of Molluscs: Cephalopoda

  • means, examples, chromatophores, Iridophores & leucophores
A

“head foot” – Octopus, Squid

Chromatophores – pigment cells (yellow, red, brown, black)

*Iridophores & leucophores – reflect light

65
Q
A

.

66
Q

Metamerism

A

– true segmentation
* Internal and external morphological features repeated in each segment, ANNELIDS!

67
Q

Clitellum

A

generates mucus to aid in sperm transfer, annelids!

68
Q

Annelids: Polychaeta

A

“bristle worms”

69
Q

Annelids: Oligochaeta

A

“few bristles”, earthworms

70
Q

ANNELIDS: Hirudinea

A

(subclass of Oligochaeta
- Leaches

71
Q

Nematodes

A
  • Triploblast, Bilateral symmetry, pseudocoelom, molt exoskeleton
  • can be Parasitic and free-living * likely the most numerous group on Earth (28000 described, 16000 are parasitic)
  • Reproduction – can be Monecious, dioecious, or parthenogenic
72
Q

Tardigrada

A
  • “water bears” – 1,000 sp
  • can go through cryptobiosis – protection from extremes
  • Can lose 99% of body H2O and still survive
  • Feed on plants, algae, small animals
  • Dorsal brain and ventral nerve cord
  • mostly Dioecious
73
Q

Ecdysozoans: 3 groups

A

Nematodes and Tardigrades, Arthropods

74
Q

ECDYSOZOA: Arthropoda

A

“Jointed Feet”, 85% of described species

75
Q

Arthropoda: Ecdysis

A

shedding of cuticle

76
Q

Arthropoda: Five subphyla

A
  • Trilobita – all extinct
  • Chelicerata
  • Myriopoda
  • Crustacea
  • Hexapoda
77
Q

Tagmosis

A

fusion of segments

78
Q

tagmatization

A

organization of segments into specific regions having similar structure, function and appendages

79
Q

Arthropoda subphyla: Chelicerata

A

– 77,000 sp
* Horseshoe crabs, scorpions, spiders, mites, ticks
* Body in two segments Prosoma & Opisthosoma
* Chelicerae – modified first appendages – claw-like or fang-like
* Pedipalps – second appendages – sense environment, manipulate food * Hemolymph has hemocyanin (Cu in place of Fe)
* Dioecious

things that can make us sick or kill us!!

80
Q

Arthropoda subphyla: Myriapoda

A

– 16,000 sp
* Legs from 10-750
* Millipedes – 2 pairs of legs per segment
* Centipedes – 1 pair per segment

81
Q

Arthropoda subphyla: Crustacea

A

– 70,000 sp.
* Krill, shrimp, lobster, crab, crayfish, pill bugs, barnacles
* 2 pairs antennae, mandibles as mouthparts, biramous appendages
* Cephalothorax and abdomen
* Brain, compound eyes

82
Q

Arthropoda subphyla: Hexapoda

A

– six legs
* Head, thorax, abdomen
* Head: Upper labrum and mandibles, Sensory antennae, Compound eyes and ocelli (simple eyes)

  • Abdomen: Typically 11 segments, reproductive organs
  • Thorax: Wings (when present), De novo (new) adaptations – not like bat wings
  • Holometabolous and Hemimetabolous reproduction
  • Eusocial societies – Bees, Wasps, Ants, Termites
83
Q

Echinodermata

A

7,000 sp – sea stars, urchins, cucumbers, sand dollars

84
Q

Classes of Echinoderms: Asteroidea

A

(Sea Stars) – 1,800 sp, 2 stomachs, carnivores(tube feet)

85
Q

Classes of Echinoderms: Ophiuroidea

A

(Brittle Stars)

86
Q

Classes of Echinoderms: Echinoidea

A

(Sea Urchins and Sand Dollars) – Aristotle’s lantern (feeding)

87
Q

Classes of Echinoderms: Crinoidea

A

(sea lilies & feather stars) – sessile, 600 sp.

88
Q

Classes of Echinoderms: Holothuroidea

A

(Sea cucumbers) – bilateral symmetry

89
Q

.

A
90
Q

Placozoa

A

parasites resembling amoeba, only 4 cell types

91
Q

Cnidaria

A

Jellyfish, Corals…

92
Q

Ctenophora

A

Comb Jellies

93
Q

.

A
94
Q

Cleavage

A

cell division with no cell growth

95
Q

Blastula

A

ball of cells (hallow in inverts, little yolk)

96
Q

Gastrulation

A

formation of primitive gut, and germ layers

97
Q

Metamorphosis

A

complete (holometabolous) and incomplete (hemimetabolous)

fall semester 2024-25 LSSU (9 decks)

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