BIOL 132 FINAL Flashcards
all-natural sciences, life and physical, are based in —- which means they only focus on things that can be measured or tested.
empiricism
I walk out to my car and it does not start, but i hear a clicking noise. I have background in some auto related car issues. Which of the following is the most correct statement.
I hypothesize that the battery is dead and needs to be charged.
my car did not start, and then i charged the battery and tried again with success, what can appropriately be said?
Fact! After changing the battery, the car started.
If i have a question and then answer several more questions to come up with a specific conclusion, i am using — reasoning.
Inductive
If we want to control the COVID-19 causing coronavirus, and are working on developing a new vaccine, we are conducting — science
applied
if i have genotypes AA:AB:BB in ratios of 0.25:0.50:0.25, the allele ratio is?
0.5:0.5
the fact that tetrapod forelimbs are roughly the same shows that the forelimb is a —- characteristic within the tetrapod clade
homologous
suppose i am conducting an experiment on the behaviour of snails, where would I look in the literature to fine tune my experiment
methods
the goal of science is to — and therefore a good hypothesis is —
disprove hypotheses, falsifiable
this person described natural selection in his journey to Java, New Guinea, and Australia
Alfred Wallace
A characteristic, that when present, gives those with is an advantage over those without it
adaptation
the process in which some individuals survive and reproduce better than others is -
natural selection
The change in gene frequencies in a population over time is-
evolution
— acts on individuals while — acts on populations
natural selection, evolution
hen we see a solution to a common evolutionary problem arise in more than one independent lineage we have witnessed — evolution
convergent
a trait common to a single evolutionary lineage is called a — trait
homologous
what are some misconceptions about evolution
- it is just an idea
- it explains the origins of life on earth
- individuals can evolve
if we have a population split geographically, and each new population is subjected to different pressures to the point that they no longer interbreed- we could say that we have witnessed —
allopatric speciation
bird bat and insect wings are examples of —
convergent evolution
when we see the fertilization of an egg and development of sterile offspring, we have witnessed a — isolation mechanism in action
post zygotic
sometimes we see a unique case where a species might find a new environment with many vacant niches. as new niches are filled, we see many new species arise from our original species. this is an example of—
adaptive radiation
sometimes we see sympatric speciation followed by a case in which hybrids are very successful at rebreeding with non-hybrids. eventually, we end up with one species again. this is termed—
fusion
often we see periods of rapid change in a new species followed by long periods of very little change. this is termed —
punctuated equilibrium
the sum of all alleles in a population is termed the—
gene pool
bright colours in male birds are an advertisement of fitness and genetic quality. select the hypotheses/principles that apply to this statement:
- good genes hypothesis
- handicap principle
a change in gene frequencies in a POPULATION is most properly termed
microevolution
which of the following is not an assumption of HW equilibrium
individuals select favourable mates
if we had a population of animals and a disease wiped out all but 100 of the 10 000, we would be concerned that our population would go through a — and experience decreased allele diversity
bottleneck effect
if i am discussing phenotypic variation attributable to genetic difference among individuals, i am really discussing
heritability
this is often done in livestock to increase the presence of a recessive allele seen as beneficial. in nature, it often results in an increased likelihood of alleles not suited for survival.
inbreeding
organism A produces 11 offspring over its 2 years, while organism B (same species) produces 12 organisms over its 6 years. we can say that—
organism B has higher fitness.
when we see organisms on one end of a phenotypic spectrum selected for over all others, we are seeing–
directional selection
when we see males and females with different characteristics we say that the species is-
sexually dimorphic
We sample our population in year 1 of a study and in year 30 and fins that genotypic ratios have changed significantly. Given this data, what can you say.
at least one of the hardy-weinberg assumptions has been violated
Diagram representing both ends being most successful
diversifying selection
an organisms evolutionary history is really its-
phylogeny
A phylogenic tree shows ancestor-descendent relationships. As we look at the tree and work our way from the base to the ends, each branch represents a -
split of lineages
in understanding the taxonomical organization of our own species, we know that our breakdown is eukarya, Animalia, Chordata, mammal, primates, Hominidae, homo, sapiens. Which of the above is our class?
mammalia
what is the correct species name for humans
Homo sapiens
the goal of cladistics is to organize organisms into —, meaning a common ancestor and all its descendants
monophyletic group
when constructing our phylogenic tree we seek to create a tree with the fewest evolutionary steps or the one with maximum -
parsimony
— results from transfer of genes from one organism (species) to another
horizontal gene transfer
some organisms can uptake DNA from the environment, a process known as
transformation
in addition to the tree model of phylogenetics, those that incorporate HGT include the -
- web model
- ring model
which of the following is not a current hypothesis to explain the origins of the eukaryotic cell having two sets of DNA
- reverse symbiosis
(the 3 are eukaryote first, nucleus first and mitochondria first)
bat, bird and insect wings represent which of the following concerning systematics
convergent evolution
Looking at a given tree, which of the organisms would be considered the outgroup?
the first to branch off
Looking at a given tree, we would say that the gorilla is most closely related to-
humans and chimps (branched most recently)
individuals can evolve
false
this, in short, is a prediction about the behaviour of matter
hypothesis
where do new genes come from in a population
mutations and gene flow (NOT genetic drift)
the forelimb in tetrapods has a similar structure, thus making it a - in respect to the tetrapods
homologous structure
when two lineages split from a single point we call it -
divergent evolution
node
where a lineage branches off
branch
lineage that branched
terminal end
doesn’t branch into others
polytomy
multiple branches 1 pt
common ancestor
where everyone came from
looking at a table, we see that the outgroup is represented by organism -, which shows the - state of all characteristics
first to diverge, ancestral
in reading a tree, we could say that the relationship between organisms D and E should be expressed as-
D and E share a common ancestor
looking at the table and at the chart, we see this is the most - tree
parsimonious
if we were looking at jawed vertebrates and we swapped two organisms, we would say that we had a - group
paraphyletic
the evolutionary history of an organism is known as -
phylogeny
when we see a reversion to an ancestral trait in a group of organisms we say there has been a -
evolutionary reversal
shared derived traits are termed – traits
homologous
the disease malaria is caused by a
protist
all bacterial lineages have some disease-causing species except
cyanobacteria
HIV represents which type of virus
retro virus
an acellular parasitic entity living in a host cells is a -
virus
the outer coating found on all viruses is called a -
capsid
this theory explains why we have both mitochondrial and nuclear DNA-
endosymbiosis theory
the Baltimore classification of viruses uses which of the following
all of the above ( capsid, DNA/RNA/mRNA, enveloped)
prokaryotes can be very helpful to humans and may be used in -
all of the above (food, medicine, oil spills)
in this process, we introduce a weakened or dead strain of a virus to the host so that the body can prepare an immune response when it encounters a “real” version later on
vaccination
after a virus finds an appropriate cell, it must bond with the appropriate protein to gain access in a process called -
attachment
members of this group are rod-shaped, and used in yogurt, which is most likely species from the choice below
lactobacillus sp.
the smallest of the bacterial lineages, these are obligate parasites or endosymbionts-
chlamydiales
this is the largest, and also a diverse group of bacteria with some members as symbionts with plant roots-
proteobacteria
this disease causing organism is non living and contains no RNA or DNA
prion
the fact an organism turned purple tells us that it has what kind of cell wall?
peptidoglycan rich
“asteroidobacillus seamoris”: based on the information above, you know our specimen is a – and shaped like a –
bacteria, rod
when we tested the DNA from this specimen, how dos it differ from our own?
ours is helical and this is round
the ability of bacteria to stick to your teeth as plaque has to do with their ability to form a -
biofilm
bacteria can fix – from the atmosphere and make it available to plants
N2
mosquitoes could have carried plasmodium spp. which are in this lineage and affect 40 % of the worlds population
alveolata/apicomplexa
the reason for concern regarding deer ticks is that they carry a – from the – lineage, which can cause Lymes disease.
bacteria, spirochaeles
The disease Syphilis is caused by a – bacterial infection
Spirochaete
most likely, what led to the evolution of MRSA
overuse of antibiotics
a member of this group was responsible for the Black Plague
bacteria
the process of how bacteria obtains new DNA from the environment is termed -
transformation
we still know little about the true diversity of prokaryotes because -
many are not culturable in today’s labs
which of the following is a micro-nutrient
any element (ex. potassium, iron)
a disease that is constantly present in an area is termed a(n) -
endemic
in reference to complexity, what statement is most accurate
complexity of a virus is not dependent on complexity of a host
the fungi are most closely related to the
animals
this part of the fungi may be measured in km^2
mycelium
ecologically, fungi are defined as –, generally speaking
decomposers
unlike many other organisms, fungi can digest -
cellulose and lignin
in the fungal lifecycle there exists a special stage of cell with two haploid nuclei, this is called a – cell
diploid
the most ancestral group of fungi is the
chytritiomycota
the part of the fungi that you find in the supermarket
reproductive
this group of fungi are obligate parasites with plant roots
glomeromycota
black bread mold is an example from this group of fungi
zygomycota
morals and yeasts are found in this group of fungi
ascomycota
most fungi in the supermarket are in this, largest, group of fungi
basidiomycota
about 90% of vascular plants have a mutualistic relationship with – fungi
mycorrhizal
lichens involve a mutualistic relationship between a –
fungi and algae
in this type of relationship involving symbiosis, one organism is benefitted while the other is neither benefitted nor harmed
commensal
one hypothesis as to the cause of the Salem witch trials was that people were infected with toxins from the – fungus
ergot
in human medicine, fungal infections are difficult to treat because -
antibiotics target prokaryotes
which of the following is not a fungal disease in humans
syphilis (is bacterial)
the most commonly used bacteria in human society, an example of the 1st biotechnology patent, is -
yeast
when in association with roots, fungi provide plants with -
N2 and P in return for sugars
in order for fungi to obtain nutrients, they must go through the process of -
extracellular digestion
fungi can go through either sexual or asexual reproduction
true
like prokaryotes, protozoa have no nucleus
false (they have macro and micronucleus!)
the primary part of a fungus is the – that can stretch for kms
mycelium
the disease malaria is caused by a
protist
these protists cause red tides and can be bioluminescent
dinoflagellates
this theory explains why we have both mitochondrial and nuclear DNA
endosymbiosis theory
which is not a way protozoa are classified by movement
wormlike (ameboid, ciliate, and flagellate are all correct)
giant kelp, found in the brown algae, are part of what larger group (lineage)
stramenopiles
trypanosomiasis and leishmaniasis are both diseases originating from protists of this lineage
excavata
the protists are considered a – group since they cannot all be linked to one common ancestor
paraphyletic
the irish potato famine was caused by a – from the lineage —
protist, oomycetes
your slime molds in lab belong to the protozoa group -
amoebozoa
some of the earliest eukaryotes are — and formed 3.8 BYA
stromatolites
this energy-producing organelle is present in eukaryotic cells
mitochondria
individuals can evolve
false
in sexual reproduction of the protozoa, in order for the diploid stage to release a haploid spore it must go through -
meiosis
this group of protists are characterized by a “test” on the outside
rhizaria
a few weeks after our trip, a person who drank the water gets diarrhea. They likely ingested a protist from the – family from the water
excavata
mosquitoes carry plasmodium spp. which are in this lineage and affect up to 40% of the worlds population
alveolata
within the seed plants, the pollen is really the -
male gametophyte
the following are examples of gymnosperms, except
palms (cycads, pines and cedars are all ex)
within the gymnosperms, there is only one species within an entire genus that is alive today. That species is-
Gingko Biloba
which of the following groups of plants contain spores
all groups have spores
flowers are
modified leaves
embryos of – can go through cryptobiosis and remain viable in the soil for years
seed plants
angiosperms are the dominant plants on earth today, and evolved to do so cia evolution of or co-evolution with
insects, herbivores and seeds
i found a lovely flower with 12 petals, so, from my BIOl 132 knowledge i identify it as a -
monocot or dicot
when i tried to pick my flower from 8, i noticed that the vascular bundles in the stem were scattered throughout, so i know i have a -
monocot
some plants produce only one type of spore, they are termed – plants
homosporous
this type of vascular tissue moves nutrients from leaves to the rest of the plant
phloem
this structure on a fern produces spores
sori
the ancestor of plants is likely a(n)
alga
in the seed plants the – is the dominant stage and the – is dependent upon it for nutrition.
sporophyte, gametophyte
an embryo in a protective coating with a nutrient store
seed
people looking for novel compounds in plants to use for new drugs are called
bioprospectors
the male part of the flower is called the
stamen
a fruit is really a(n)
ovary
the phylum – is the only phylum of the angiosperms
anthophyta
plants are used by humans for -
all of the above: food, medicines, building, ornamentals
these plants lack xylem and lignin
bryophytes
this is the group of liverworts
hepaticophyta
these plants anchor themselves to the substrate using rhizoids
mosses
the closest living relative of the plants are the
charophytes
these naked seed plants dominated the Mesozoic due to their ability to survive in areas with no water for parts of the year
gymnosperm
plants made the transition of land due to the presence of -
all of the above helped: waxy cuticle, lignin, UV protective flavonoids, vasc tissue
angiosperms evolved from gymnosperms
false
labelling a diagram, the gametophyte is -
producing gametes
labelling a diagram, the sporophyte is -
producing spores
this tissue transports water and nutrients from root to shoot
xylem
select the functions of vascular tissue
YES: long-distance transport of water, aid in support and vert growth, move sugars/proteins/solutes
NO: produce sugars through photosynthesis
what group does NOT belong to the kingdom Animalia
protozoans
what group of animals are radially symmetrical
diploblasts
crabs belong to which super phylum
ecdysozoa
having a cuticle made of chitin that is moulted in order for growth to occur is a characteristic of what phyla (three are correct)
Tardigrada
nematodes
arthropods
this phylum contains both free-living and parasitic species that have no coelom
Platyhelminthes
if we can divide an organism on more than one plane and still have mirror images, then our organism is said to be
radially symmetrical
the most deadly class within the cniderian are the –. they also have eyes.
Cubazoa
we have/had an anemone in the saltwater aquarium, you know that anemones are in the class -
anthozoa
the opening on top of the sponge is called a
osculum
within the sponge, water current is generated by these cells
choanocytes
schistosomes are a major human health hazard in various parts of the world, and cause swimmers itch locally, schistosomes and other flukes belong to which class
digenean/tremotoda
internal fluid-filled cavity completely lined by a mesoderm is called a
coelom
this class is characterized by lack of a digestive system and presence of proglottids
Cestoda (tapeworms)
this phylum contains the most intelligent and largest invertebrates on earth
Mollusca (squid and octopus)
members of this annelid class are parasitic and have been used in medicine in the past, and currently to help reattach digits
Hirudinea (leach)
the largest class of annelids are the marine group known as -
Polychaeta
class within the Mollusca that contain clams and mussels -
bivalvia
scorpions are included in this class
chelicerata
the derivation of ‘true tissues gives’ rise to which group
eumetazoa
select the groups that contain only two phyla
radiata (ctenophora and cnideria)
dominant phyla within the marine environment
Mollusca
annelids display — which means they have serially repeating units along their body
metamerism
gastropods have this structure, a rasping organ, used in feeding
radula
pill bugs (rolly pollys) and lobsters both belong to this arthropod group
crustacea
the coelom or “blood cavity” found in arthropods is called a
hemocoel
the blastopore becomes the mouth first in
protostomes
the stinging cell found in jellyfish is called the —
cnidocyte
the mobile stage of cnidarians is the
medusa
the middle layer of a jellyfish is called the
mesoglea
nematodes have this kind of skeleton, and are under pressure
hydrostatic skeleton
the phylum with the most described species on earth is the
arthropods (insects)
crustaceans are characterized by a fuceed head and Thoracic region called a
cephalothorax
in a diagram, which represents the endoderm
most inner layer
in a diagram, which represents the ectoderm
most outside layer
in a diagram, which represents the mesoderm
the middle layer that surrounds things
most numerous group of vertebrates on earth are the
actinopterygii
the structures that gave rise to the vertebrate jaw
first gill arches
collectively, the jawless vertebrates are called the
Agnatha
this structure in fish is used to detect movement in water, much like how we hear on land
lateral line
the tetrapod forelimb is derived from the fins of ancestral -
sarcopterygii
Some sharks are said to be _______ because they reproduce by a process in which the juveniles develop in eggs within the female and then hatch in utero to emerge live.
ovoviviparous
all chordates are vertebrates
false
the lamprey are in the
petromyzontidae
condrichthyes with flattened bodies are called (select all)
skates and rays
Characteristics of this vertebrate group include four limbs, moist permeable skin, and vomerine teeth -
amphibians
The first tetrapods to emerge from the water and begin living on land were the
amphibians
Amphibian group characterized by four limbs and a tail are the
Urodela
If I were to create a Sci-Fi movie with man eating worm-like creatures that had jaws and teeth, I might base my creatures on this group
apoda
This term is a generic term for those animals which successfully completed all life stages on land, and is derived from the structure that allowed this to happen-
amniotes
Layer of the amniotic egg that surrounds the embryo and yolk sac, and facilitates gas exchange-
chorion
Post orbital openings in the skull often used to identify fossil skulls into ancestral groups such as synapsids and saurapsids
temporal fenestra
modern reptiles evolved from-
diapsids
Primary characteristics of reptiles involve which of the following (check all that apply)
scaly skin, skin w waxy lipids and keratin, ectothermic, burmation
This modern reptile group includes species with specialized joints in the jaw and a single lung
squamata
This reptile group has a dorsal shell which includes ribs and a backbone
testinudes
the largest group of land vertebrates is the
birds
characteristics of birds
non inflatable lungs, hallow bones, fused thoracic vertebrae, fused clavicles, cloaca
feathers used in flight and to produce thrust
primary feathers
birds arose from (2 current hypotheses)
ancestors gliding branch or branch & ancestors flapping wings in pursuit of prey
the weasel family has well developed – glands
apocrine
characteristics that are unique to mammals
single lower jaw bone, inner ear bones modified, hair, mammary glands
egg laying mammals
monotremes
The broad mammal group containing species such as elephants, manatees, armadillos, and sloths
atlantogeneta
the term for the adaptation to swinging through the trees, involving rotating shoulder joints and modified big toes and thumbs found in primates
brachiation
we, humans, belong to this group of primates
haplorhini (dry nosed)
this group of primates arose 40 MYA in South America, Africa, and Asia
anthropoids
humans evolved from chimps
false
Humans and Chimps starred a common ancestor about 6 million years ago
trust
Modern humans evolved from neanderthals
false
what are hypotheses why the Neanderthals went extinct?
environment changes, competition with humans, hybridization with humans
the great apes include…
gorillas, chimps, bonobos, humans
NOT rhesus monkeys
