BIOL 132 FINAL

Question 1

all-natural sciences, life and physical, are based in —- which means they only focus on things that can be measured or tested.

Answer 1

empiricism

Question 2

I walk out to my car and it does not start, but i hear a clicking noise. I have background in some auto related car issues. Which of the following is the most correct statement.

Answer 2

I hypothesize that the battery is dead and needs to be charged.

Question 3

my car did not start, and then i charged the battery and tried again with success, what can appropriately be said?

Answer 3

Fact! After changing the battery, the car started.

Question 4

If i have a question and then answer several more questions to come up with a specific conclusion, i am using — reasoning.

Answer 4

Inductive

Question 5

If we want to control the COVID-19 causing coronavirus, and are working on developing a new vaccine, we are conducting — science

Answer 5

applied

Question 6

if i have genotypes AA:AB:BB in ratios of 0.25:0.50:0.25, the allele ratio is?

Answer 6

0.5:0.5

Question 7

the fact that tetrapod forelimbs are roughly the same shows that the forelimb is a —- characteristic within the tetrapod clade

Answer 7

homologous

Question 8

suppose i am conducting an experiment on the behaviour of snails, where would I look in the literature to fine tune my experiment

Answer 8

methods

Question 9

the goal of science is to — and therefore a good hypothesis is —

Answer 9

disprove hypotheses, falsifiable

Question 10

this person described natural selection in his journey to Java, New Guinea, and Australia

Answer 10

Alfred Wallace

Question 11

A characteristic, that when present, gives those with is an advantage over those without it

Answer 11

adaptation

Question 12

the process in which some individuals survive and reproduce better than others is -

Answer 12

natural selection

Question 13

The change in gene frequencies in a population over time is-

Answer 13

evolution

Question 14

— acts on individuals while — acts on populations

Answer 14

natural selection, evolution

Question 15

hen we see a solution to a common evolutionary problem arise in more than one independent lineage we have witnessed — evolution

Answer 15

convergent

Question 16

a trait common to a single evolutionary lineage is called a — trait

Answer 16

homologous

Question 17

what are some misconceptions about evolution

Answer 17

• it is just an idea
• it explains the origins of life on earth
• individuals can evolve

Question 18

if we have a population split geographically, and each new population is subjected to different pressures to the point that they no longer interbreed- we could say that we have witnessed —

Answer 18

allopatric speciation

Question 19

bird bat and insect wings are examples of —

Answer 19

convergent evolution

Question 20

when we see the fertilization of an egg and development of sterile offspring, we have witnessed a — isolation mechanism in action

Answer 20

post zygotic

Question 21

sometimes we see a unique case where a species might find a new environment with many vacant niches. as new niches are filled, we see many new species arise from our original species. this is an example of—

Answer 21

adaptive radiation

Question 22

sometimes we see sympatric speciation followed by a case in which hybrids are very successful at rebreeding with non-hybrids. eventually, we end up with one species again. this is termed—

Answer 22

fusion

Question 23

often we see periods of rapid change in a new species followed by long periods of very little change. this is termed —

Answer 23

punctuated equilibrium

Question 24

the sum of all alleles in a population is termed the—

Answer 24

gene pool

Question 25

bright colours in male birds are an advertisement of fitness and genetic quality. select the hypotheses/principles that apply to this statement:

Answer 25

• good genes hypothesis
• handicap principle

Question 26

a change in gene frequencies in a POPULATION is most properly termed

Answer 26

microevolution

Question 27

which of the following is not an assumption of HW equilibrium

Answer 27

individuals select favourable mates

Question 28

if we had a population of animals and a disease wiped out all but 100 of the 10 000, we would be concerned that our population would go through a — and experience decreased allele diversity

Answer 28

bottleneck effect

Question 29

if i am discussing phenotypic variation attributable to genetic difference among individuals, i am really discussing

Answer 29

heritability

Question 30

this is often done in livestock to increase the presence of a recessive allele seen as beneficial. in nature, it often results in an increased likelihood of alleles not suited for survival.

Answer 30

inbreeding

Question 31

organism A produces 11 offspring over its 2 years, while organism B (same species) produces 12 organisms over its 6 years. we can say that—

Answer 31

organism B has higher fitness.

Question 32

when we see organisms on one end of a phenotypic spectrum selected for over all others, we are seeing–

Answer 32

directional selection

Question 33

when we see males and females with different characteristics we say that the species is-

Answer 33

sexually dimorphic

Question 34

We sample our population in year 1 of a study and in year 30 and fins that genotypic ratios have changed significantly. Given this data, what can you say.

Answer 34

at least one of the hardy-weinberg assumptions has been violated

Question 35

Diagram representing both ends being most successful

Answer 35

diversifying selection

Question 36

an organisms evolutionary history is really its-

Answer 36

phylogeny

Question 37

A phylogenic tree shows ancestor-descendent relationships. As we look at the tree and work our way from the base to the ends, each branch represents a -

Answer 37

split of lineages

Question 38

in understanding the taxonomical organization of our own species, we know that our breakdown is eukarya, Animalia, Chordata, mammal, primates, Hominidae, homo, sapiens. Which of the above is our class?

Answer 38

mammalia

Question 39

what is the correct species name for humans

Answer 39

Homo sapiens

Question 40

the goal of cladistics is to organize organisms into —, meaning a common ancestor and all its descendants

Answer 40

monophyletic group

Question 41

when constructing our phylogenic tree we seek to create a tree with the fewest evolutionary steps or the one with maximum -

Answer 41

parsimony

Question 42

— results from transfer of genes from one organism (species) to another

Answer 42

horizontal gene transfer

Question 43

some organisms can uptake DNA from the environment, a process known as

Answer 43

transformation

Question 44

in addition to the tree model of phylogenetics, those that incorporate HGT include the -

Answer 44

• web model
• ring model

Question 45

which of the following is not a current hypothesis to explain the origins of the eukaryotic cell having two sets of DNA

Answer 45

• reverse symbiosis
  (the 3 are eukaryote first, nucleus first and mitochondria first)

Question 46

bat, bird and insect wings represent which of the following concerning systematics

Answer 46

convergent evolution

Question 47

Looking at a given tree, which of the organisms would be considered the outgroup?

Answer 47

the first to branch off

Question 48

Looking at a given tree, we would say that the gorilla is most closely related to-

Answer 48

humans and chimps (branched most recently)

Question 49

individuals can evolve

Answer 49

false

Question 50

this, in short, is a prediction about the behaviour of matter

Answer 50

hypothesis

Question 51

where do new genes come from in a population

Answer 51

mutations and gene flow (NOT genetic drift)

Question 52

the forelimb in tetrapods has a similar structure, thus making it a - in respect to the tetrapods

Answer 52

homologous structure

Question 53

when two lineages split from a single point we call it -

Answer 53

divergent evolution

Question 54

node

Answer 54

where a lineage branches off

Question 55

branch

Answer 55

lineage that branched

Question 56

terminal end

Answer 56

doesn’t branch into others

Question 57

polytomy

Answer 57

multiple branches 1 pt

Question 58

common ancestor

Answer 58

where everyone came from

Question 59

looking at a table, we see that the outgroup is represented by organism -, which shows the - state of all characteristics

Answer 59

first to diverge, ancestral

Question 60

in reading a tree, we could say that the relationship between organisms D and E should be expressed as-

Answer 60

D and E share a common ancestor

Question 61

looking at the table and at the chart, we see this is the most - tree

Answer 61

parsimonious

Question 62

if we were looking at jawed vertebrates and we swapped two organisms, we would say that we had a - group

Answer 62

paraphyletic

Question 63

the evolutionary history of an organism is known as -

Answer 63

phylogeny

Question 64

when we see a reversion to an ancestral trait in a group of organisms we say there has been a -

Answer 64

evolutionary reversal

Question 65

shared derived traits are termed – traits

Answer 65

homologous

Question 66

the disease malaria is caused by a

Answer 66

protist

Question 67

all bacterial lineages have some disease-causing species except

Answer 67

cyanobacteria

Question 68

HIV represents which type of virus

Answer 68

retro virus

Question 69

an acellular parasitic entity living in a host cells is a -

Answer 69

virus

Question 70

the outer coating found on all viruses is called a -

Answer 70

capsid

Question 71

this theory explains why we have both mitochondrial and nuclear DNA-

Answer 71

endosymbiosis theory

Question 72

the Baltimore classification of viruses uses which of the following

Answer 72

all of the above ( capsid, DNA/RNA/mRNA, enveloped)

Question 73

prokaryotes can be very helpful to humans and may be used in -

Answer 73

all of the above (food, medicine, oil spills)

Question 74

in this process, we introduce a weakened or dead strain of a virus to the host so that the body can prepare an immune response when it encounters a “real” version later on

Answer 74

vaccination

Question 75

after a virus finds an appropriate cell, it must bond with the appropriate protein to gain access in a process called -

Answer 75

attachment

Question 76

members of this group are rod-shaped, and used in yogurt, which is most likely species from the choice below

Answer 76

lactobacillus sp.

Question 77

the smallest of the bacterial lineages, these are obligate parasites or endosymbionts-

Answer 77

chlamydiales

Question 78

this is the largest, and also a diverse group of bacteria with some members as symbionts with plant roots-

Answer 78

proteobacteria

Question 79

this disease causing organism is non living and contains no RNA or DNA

Answer 79

prion

Question 80

the fact an organism turned purple tells us that it has what kind of cell wall?

Answer 80

peptidoglycan rich

Question 81

“asteroidobacillus seamoris”: based on the information above, you know our specimen is a – and shaped like a –

Answer 81

bacteria, rod

Question 82

when we tested the DNA from this specimen, how dos it differ from our own?

Answer 82

ours is helical and this is round

Question 83

the ability of bacteria to stick to your teeth as plaque has to do with their ability to form a -

Answer 83

biofilm

Question 84

bacteria can fix – from the atmosphere and make it available to plants

Answer 84

N2

Question 85

mosquitoes could have carried plasmodium spp. which are in this lineage and affect 40 % of the worlds population

Answer 85

alveolata/apicomplexa

Question 86

the reason for concern regarding deer ticks is that they carry a – from the – lineage, which can cause Lymes disease.

Answer 86

bacteria, spirochaeles

Question 87

The disease Syphilis is caused by a – bacterial infection

Answer 87

Spirochaete

Question 88

most likely, what led to the evolution of MRSA

Answer 88

overuse of antibiotics

Question 89

a member of this group was responsible for the Black Plague

Answer 89

bacteria

Question 90

the process of how bacteria obtains new DNA from the environment is termed -

Answer 90

transformation

Question 91

we still know little about the true diversity of prokaryotes because -

Answer 91

many are not culturable in today’s labs

Question 92

which of the following is a micro-nutrient

Answer 92

any element (ex. potassium, iron)

Question 93

a disease that is constantly present in an area is termed a(n) -

Answer 93

endemic

Question 94

in reference to complexity, what statement is most accurate

Answer 94

complexity of a virus is not dependent on complexity of a host

Question 95

the fungi are most closely related to the

Answer 95

animals

Question 96

this part of the fungi may be measured in km^2

Answer 96

mycelium

Question 97

ecologically, fungi are defined as –, generally speaking

Answer 97

decomposers

Question 98

unlike many other organisms, fungi can digest -

Answer 98

cellulose and lignin

Question 99

in the fungal lifecycle there exists a special stage of cell with two haploid nuclei, this is called a – cell

Answer 99

diploid

Question 100

the most ancestral group of fungi is the

Answer 100

chytritiomycota

Question 101

the part of the fungi that you find in the supermarket

Answer 101

reproductive

Question 102

this group of fungi are obligate parasites with plant roots

Answer 102

glomeromycota

Question 103

black bread mold is an example from this group of fungi

Answer 103

zygomycota

Question 104

morals and yeasts are found in this group of fungi

Answer 104

ascomycota

Question 105

most fungi in the supermarket are in this, largest, group of fungi

Answer 105

basidiomycota

Question 106

about 90% of vascular plants have a mutualistic relationship with – fungi

Answer 106

mycorrhizal

Question 107

lichens involve a mutualistic relationship between a –

Answer 107

fungi and algae

Question 108

in this type of relationship involving symbiosis, one organism is benefitted while the other is neither benefitted nor harmed

Answer 108

commensal

Question 109

one hypothesis as to the cause of the Salem witch trials was that people were infected with toxins from the – fungus

Answer 109

ergot

Question 110

in human medicine, fungal infections are difficult to treat because -

Answer 110

antibiotics target prokaryotes

Question 111

which of the following is not a fungal disease in humans

Answer 111

syphilis (is bacterial)

Question 112

the most commonly used bacteria in human society, an example of the 1st biotechnology patent, is -

Answer 112

yeast

Question 113

when in association with roots, fungi provide plants with -

Answer 113

N2 and P in return for sugars

Question 114

in order for fungi to obtain nutrients, they must go through the process of -

Answer 114

extracellular digestion

Question 115

fungi can go through either sexual or asexual reproduction

Answer 115

true

Question 116

like prokaryotes, protozoa have no nucleus

Answer 116

false (they have macro and micronucleus!)

Question 117

the primary part of a fungus is the – that can stretch for kms

Answer 117

mycelium

Question 118

the disease malaria is caused by a

Answer 118

protist

Question 119

these protists cause red tides and can be bioluminescent

Answer 119

dinoflagellates

Question 120

this theory explains why we have both mitochondrial and nuclear DNA

Answer 120

endosymbiosis theory

Question 121

which is not a way protozoa are classified by movement

Answer 121

wormlike (ameboid, ciliate, and flagellate are all correct)

Question 122

giant kelp, found in the brown algae, are part of what larger group (lineage)

Answer 122

stramenopiles

Question 123

trypanosomiasis and leishmaniasis are both diseases originating from protists of this lineage

Answer 123

excavata

Question 124

the protists are considered a – group since they cannot all be linked to one common ancestor

Answer 124

paraphyletic

Question 125

the irish potato famine was caused by a – from the lineage —

Answer 125

protist, oomycetes

Question 126

your slime molds in lab belong to the protozoa group -

Answer 126

amoebozoa

Question 127

some of the earliest eukaryotes are — and formed 3.8 BYA

Answer 127

stromatolites

Question 128

this energy-producing organelle is present in eukaryotic cells

Answer 128

mitochondria

Question 129

individuals can evolve

Answer 129

false

Question 130

in sexual reproduction of the protozoa, in order for the diploid stage to release a haploid spore it must go through -

Answer 130

meiosis

Question 131

this group of protists are characterized by a “test” on the outside

Answer 131

rhizaria

Question 132

a few weeks after our trip, a person who drank the water gets diarrhea. They likely ingested a protist from the – family from the water

Answer 132

excavata

Question 133

mosquitoes carry plasmodium spp. which are in this lineage and affect up to 40% of the worlds population

Answer 133

alveolata

Question 134

within the seed plants, the pollen is really the -

Answer 134

male gametophyte

Question 135

the following are examples of gymnosperms, except

Answer 135

palms (cycads, pines and cedars are all ex)

Question 136

within the gymnosperms, there is only one species within an entire genus that is alive today. That species is-

Answer 136

Gingko Biloba

Question 137

which of the following groups of plants contain spores

Answer 137

all groups have spores

Question 138

flowers are

Answer 138

modified leaves

Question 139

embryos of – can go through cryptobiosis and remain viable in the soil for years

Answer 139

seed plants

Question 140

angiosperms are the dominant plants on earth today, and evolved to do so cia evolution of or co-evolution with

Answer 140

insects, herbivores and seeds

Question 141

i found a lovely flower with 12 petals, so, from my BIOl 132 knowledge i identify it as a -

Answer 141

monocot or dicot

Question 142

when i tried to pick my flower from 8, i noticed that the vascular bundles in the stem were scattered throughout, so i know i have a -

Answer 142

monocot

Question 143

some plants produce only one type of spore, they are termed – plants

Answer 143

homosporous

Question 144

this type of vascular tissue moves nutrients from leaves to the rest of the plant

Answer 144

phloem

Question 145

this structure on a fern produces spores

Answer 145

sori

Question 146

the ancestor of plants is likely a(n)

Answer 146

alga

Question 147

in the seed plants the – is the dominant stage and the – is dependent upon it for nutrition.

Answer 147

sporophyte, gametophyte

Question 148

an embryo in a protective coating with a nutrient store

Answer 148

seed

Question 149

people looking for novel compounds in plants to use for new drugs are called

Answer 149

bioprospectors

Question 150

the male part of the flower is called the

Answer 150

stamen

Question 151

a fruit is really a(n)

Answer 151

ovary

Question 152

the phylum – is the only phylum of the angiosperms

Answer 152

anthophyta

Question 153

plants are used by humans for -

Answer 153

all of the above: food, medicines, building, ornamentals

Question 154

these plants lack xylem and lignin

Answer 154

bryophytes

Question 155

this is the group of liverworts

Answer 155

hepaticophyta

Question 156

these plants anchor themselves to the substrate using rhizoids

Answer 156

mosses

Question 157

the closest living relative of the plants are the

Answer 157

charophytes

Question 158

these naked seed plants dominated the Mesozoic due to their ability to survive in areas with no water for parts of the year

Answer 158

gymnosperm

Question 159

plants made the transition of land due to the presence of -

Answer 159

all of the above helped: waxy cuticle, lignin, UV protective flavonoids, vasc tissue

Question 160

angiosperms evolved from gymnosperms

Answer 160

false

Question 161

labelling a diagram, the gametophyte is -

Answer 161

producing gametes

Question 162

labelling a diagram, the sporophyte is -

Answer 162

producing spores

Question 163

this tissue transports water and nutrients from root to shoot

Answer 163

xylem

Question 164

select the functions of vascular tissue

Answer 164

YES: long-distance transport of water, aid in support and vert growth, move sugars/proteins/solutes
NO: produce sugars through photosynthesis

Question 165

what group does NOT belong to the kingdom Animalia

Answer 165

protozoans

Question 166

what group of animals are radially symmetrical

Answer 166

diploblasts

Question 167

crabs belong to which super phylum

Answer 167

ecdysozoa

Question 168

having a cuticle made of chitin that is moulted in order for growth to occur is a characteristic of what phyla (three are correct)

Answer 168

Tardigrada
nematodes
arthropods

Question 169

this phylum contains both free-living and parasitic species that have no coelom

Answer 169

Platyhelminthes

Question 170

if we can divide an organism on more than one plane and still have mirror images, then our organism is said to be

Answer 170

radially symmetrical

Question 171

the most deadly class within the cniderian are the –. they also have eyes.

Answer 171

Cubazoa

Question 172

we have/had an anemone in the saltwater aquarium, you know that anemones are in the class -

Answer 172

anthozoa

Question 173

the opening on top of the sponge is called a

Answer 173

osculum

Question 174

within the sponge, water current is generated by these cells

Answer 174

choanocytes

Question 175

schistosomes are a major human health hazard in various parts of the world, and cause swimmers itch locally, schistosomes and other flukes belong to which class

Answer 175

digenean/tremotoda

Question 176

internal fluid-filled cavity completely lined by a mesoderm is called a

Answer 176

coelom

Question 177

this class is characterized by lack of a digestive system and presence of proglottids

Answer 177

Cestoda (tapeworms)

Question 178

this phylum contains the most intelligent and largest invertebrates on earth

Answer 178

Mollusca (squid and octopus)

Question 179

members of this annelid class are parasitic and have been used in medicine in the past, and currently to help reattach digits

Answer 179

Hirudinea (leach)

Question 180

the largest class of annelids are the marine group known as -

Answer 180

Polychaeta

Question 181

class within the Mollusca that contain clams and mussels -

Answer 181

bivalvia

Question 182

scorpions are included in this class

Answer 182

chelicerata

Question 183

the derivation of ‘true tissues gives’ rise to which group

Answer 183

eumetazoa

Question 184

select the groups that contain only two phyla

Answer 184

radiata (ctenophora and cnideria)

Question 185

dominant phyla within the marine environment

Answer 185

Mollusca

Question 186

annelids display — which means they have serially repeating units along their body

Answer 186

metamerism

Question 187

gastropods have this structure, a rasping organ, used in feeding

Answer 187

radula

Question 188

pill bugs (rolly pollys) and lobsters both belong to this arthropod group

Answer 188

crustacea

Question 189

the coelom or “blood cavity” found in arthropods is called a

Answer 189

hemocoel

Question 190

the blastopore becomes the mouth first in

Answer 190

protostomes

Question 191

the stinging cell found in jellyfish is called the —

Answer 191

cnidocyte

Question 192

the mobile stage of cnidarians is the

Answer 192

medusa

Question 193

the middle layer of a jellyfish is called the

Answer 193

mesoglea

Question 194

nematodes have this kind of skeleton, and are under pressure

Answer 194

hydrostatic skeleton

Question 195

the phylum with the most described species on earth is the

Answer 195

arthropods (insects)

Question 196

crustaceans are characterized by a fuceed head and Thoracic region called a

Answer 196

cephalothorax

Question 197

in a diagram, which represents the endoderm

Answer 197

most inner layer

Question 198

in a diagram, which represents the ectoderm

Answer 198

most outside layer

Question 199

in a diagram, which represents the mesoderm

Answer 199

the middle layer that surrounds things

Question 200

most numerous group of vertebrates on earth are the

Answer 200

actinopterygii

Question 201

the structures that gave rise to the vertebrate jaw

Answer 201

first gill arches

Question 202

collectively, the jawless vertebrates are called the

Answer 202

Agnatha

Question 203

this structure in fish is used to detect movement in water, much like how we hear on land

Answer 203

lateral line

Question 204

the tetrapod forelimb is derived from the fins of ancestral -

Answer 204

sarcopterygii

Question 205

Some sharks are said to be _______ because they reproduce by a process in which the juveniles develop in eggs within the female and then hatch in utero to emerge live.

Answer 205

ovoviviparous

Question 206

all chordates are vertebrates

Answer 206

false

Question 207

the lamprey are in the

Answer 207

petromyzontidae

Question 208

condrichthyes with flattened bodies are called (select all)

Answer 208

skates and rays

Question 209

Characteristics of this vertebrate group include four limbs, moist permeable skin, and vomerine teeth -

Answer 209

amphibians

Question 210

The first tetrapods to emerge from the water and begin living on land were the

Answer 210

amphibians

Question 211

Amphibian group characterized by four limbs and a tail are the

Answer 211

Urodela

Question 212

If I were to create a Sci-Fi movie with man eating worm-like creatures that had jaws and teeth, I might base my creatures on this group

Answer 212

apoda

Question 213

This term is a generic term for those animals which successfully completed all life stages on land, and is derived from the structure that allowed this to happen-

Answer 213

amniotes

Question 214

Layer of the amniotic egg that surrounds the embryo and yolk sac, and facilitates gas exchange-

Answer 214

chorion

Question 215

Post orbital openings in the skull often used to identify fossil skulls into ancestral groups such as synapsids and saurapsids

Answer 215

temporal fenestra

Question 216

modern reptiles evolved from-

Answer 216

diapsids

Question 217

Primary characteristics of reptiles involve which of the following (check all that apply)

Answer 217

scaly skin, skin w waxy lipids and keratin, ectothermic, burmation

Question 218

This modern reptile group includes species with specialized joints in the jaw and a single lung

Answer 218

squamata

Question 219

This reptile group has a dorsal shell which includes ribs and a backbone

Answer 219

testinudes

Question 220

the largest group of land vertebrates is the

Answer 220

birds

Question 221

characteristics of birds

Answer 221

non inflatable lungs, hallow bones, fused thoracic vertebrae, fused clavicles, cloaca

Question 222

feathers used in flight and to produce thrust

Answer 222

primary feathers

Question 223

birds arose from (2 current hypotheses)

Answer 223

ancestors gliding branch or branch & ancestors flapping wings in pursuit of prey

Question 224

the weasel family has well developed – glands

Answer 224

apocrine

Question 225

characteristics that are unique to mammals

Answer 225

single lower jaw bone, inner ear bones modified, hair, mammary glands

Question 226

egg laying mammals

Answer 226

monotremes

Question 227

The broad mammal group containing species such as elephants, manatees, armadillos, and sloths

Answer 227

atlantogeneta

Question 228

the term for the adaptation to swinging through the trees, involving rotating shoulder joints and modified big toes and thumbs found in primates

Answer 228

brachiation

Question 229

we, humans, belong to this group of primates

Answer 229

haplorhini (dry nosed)

Question 230

this group of primates arose 40 MYA in South America, Africa, and Asia

Answer 230

anthropoids

Question 231

humans evolved from chimps

Answer 231

false

Question 232

Humans and Chimps starred a common ancestor about 6 million years ago

Answer 232

trust

Question 233

Modern humans evolved from neanderthals

Answer 233

false

Question 234

what are hypotheses why the Neanderthals went extinct?

Answer 234

environment changes, competition with humans, hybridization with humans

Question 235

the great apes include…

Answer 235

gorillas, chimps, bonobos, humans
NOT rhesus monkeys