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fall semester 2024-25 LSSU > bio test: oct 11 > Flashcards

bio test: oct 11 Flashcards

1
Q

geologic record

A

2.1 BYA (prokaryotes- stromatolites were 3.8)

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2
Q

Eukaryotes are what type of group?

A

Monophyletic. (common ancestor gave rise to all)

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3
Q

Eukaryote last common ancestor had:

A
  • cells w nuclei, nuclear envelope with pores
  • mitochondria
  • cytoskeleton (of microtubules/microfilaments)
  • flagella or cilia - for motility
  • chromosomes organized by histones
  • undergo mitosis
  • capable of sexual reproduction
  • cell walls - lost in many groups
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4
Q

Aerobic respiration/aerobic metabolism

A

Seen in all lineages of eukaryotes (because of mitochondria). Aerobic metabolism produces lots of ATP (ATP is the basis of all energy).

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5
Q

Endosymbiosis theory

A

Eukaryotes result from one cell engulfing another, one lived in the other, and they co-evolved.
- unclear whether this was before or after nucleus

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6
Q

Our energy-harvesting is very similar to

A

bacteria

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7
Q

Our nuclear genes and molecular machinery is very similar to

A

archaea

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8
Q

mitochondria are present only in

A

eukaryotes (1-1000+ per cell)

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9
Q

mitochondria are shaped like

A

proteobacteria with two membranes

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10
Q

to look at organisms relationships we look at what type of DNA?

A

mitochondrial

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11
Q

just looking at differences between individuals

A

nuclear DNA

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12
Q

have their own genome!

A
  • circular chromosome
  • special ribosomes (similar to prokaryotes)
  • some genes in the nucleus are transferred from the mitochondria (mimicking prokaryote -> nucleus)
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13
Q

Mitochondria divide…

A

Independently - like binary fission

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14
Q

There are anaerobic eukaryotes?

A

True. Assumed to be an evolutionary reversal (ex. anaerobic eukaryote lost ability of aerobic respiration)

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15
Q

plastids are like mitochondria BUT…

A

They are photosynthetic (bc of their chloroplasts), (similar bc circular chromosomes)

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16
Q

Plastids origin

A

symbiotic origin
- derived from cyanobacteria (happened twice, primary endosymbiosis)

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17
Q

Primary vs Secondary endosymbiosis

A

first: archaeplastida (most plants today)
second: only a few species
+ Major groups of algae (major protozoans), they have secondary plastids surrounded by 3 membranes

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18
Q

protists are a eukaryote?

A

true

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19
Q

what type of group is protists

A

Paraphyletic.
- over 100 000 species
- very diverse in structure and function
- defined as a eukaryote that is not an animal, plant or fungi

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20
Q

Cell structure of protists

A
  • complex
  • micrometres to more than metres
  • animal OR plant like
  • can have pellicles: interlocking protein strips
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21
Q

Protist metabolism

A

Highly varied:
- aerobic or anaerobic
- photoautotrophs
- heterotrophs

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22
Q

Examples of heterotroph protists

A

phagocytosis:engulfing cells
Saprobes: eat dead things
Mixotrophs: eat a bit of everything

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23
Q

Protist Motility

A
  • flagella, cilia, or pseudopodia
  • some can not move at all
  • some move lots
    Taxis: refers to movement
  • have amoeboid movement*
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24
Q

Lifecycles of Protist

A
  • can undergo asexual reproduction- binary fission
  • sexual reproduction- meiosis and fertilization
  • many switch from sexual to asexual
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25
Q

Habitats of protists

A

highly varied - most have some water connection

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26
Q

amoeba movement

A

pseudopods (blob like)

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27
Q

archaeplastids

A
  • red and green plants*
  • descendants are heterotrophic protists and cyanobacterium
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28
Q

alternation of generations

A

there are two different generations within the lifecycle - sporophyte (diploid stage) and gametophyte (haploid stage)

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29
Q

glaucophytes

A

chloroplasts retain cell wall of cyanobacteria

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30
Q

Green Algae

A

most abundant! Subgroups:
1) charophytes- closest living relatives to land plants
2) Chlorophytes- from fresh water and damp soil ex. volvox

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31
Q

Amoebazoa

A
  • contain the gymnomoebae
  • slime molds!
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32
Q

slime molds

A

similar to fungi, types:
plasmodial: large multinucleate cells- netlike feeding structure, ex “dog vomit”
cellular: interdependent cells in good conditions, aggregate in poor conditions

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33
Q

Opisthokonto

A
  • single posterior flagellum
  • chanoflagellates*
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34
Q

chloroplasts are derived from?

A

secondary endosymbiosis
- this is seen in Rhizeria group

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35
Q

Rhizerians

A
  • “tests” / shells are crucial to the carbon cycle
    1) foraminiferans- heterotrophic, porous tests
    2) radiolarians- glassy silica shell
    3) cercozoa- naked and shelled (or not!)
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36
Q

Chromalveolata

A

engulfed photosynthetic red algae

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37
Q

Within Chromalveolata: Alveolata

A

1) Dinoflagellates: photosynthetic, heterotrophic, mixotrophic, bioluminescent, red tides (eruption of dinoflagellates)
2) Apicomplexans: parasitic- malaria (plasmodium!)
3) Ciliates: paramecium

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38
Q

Within Chromalveolata: Straminopiles

A

1) diatoms: unicellular photosynthetic- SiO2
2) Brown Algae: marine multicellular- giant kelp
3) oomycetes- “egg type fungus”, parasitic or saprobes

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39
Q

Excavata

A
  • many cause disease, can be photosynthetic/heterotrophs
  • tend to be asymmetrical, feeding groove down middle
40
Q

Groups of Excavata

A

1) Diplomonads: anaerobic, 2 haploid nuclei- giardia
2) Parabasalids: STD, others inhabit rumen or termite gut
3) Euglenozoans: parasites, heterotrophs, autotrophs, mixotrophs ex: euglena- mixotroph (green and can photosynthesize, feeds on lots)

41
Q

Flagel

A

Can kill flagellates (Giardia) causing diarrhea in hikers

42
Q

Trypanosoma

A

causes African sleeping syndrome, infectious and multiplies: goes into humans through fly bite.

43
Q

Protists as Producers

A

1) Phyto and zooplankton (25% photosynthesis, base of marine food chain)
2) Symbionts- Corals (Anthozoans and dinoflagellates)

44
Q

Pathogenic Protists

A

1) Human and animal parasites (Plasmodium-malaria, trypanosome-sleeping sickness and Chagas disease, Giardia spp, trichomonas, lieshmania)
2) Plant parasites (oomycetes- grapes and potatoes)

45
Q

mycology

A

the study of fungi

46
Q

fungal cells- eukaryote

A
  • dna bound nucleus
  • fungal cell walls (pigments- uv radiation, toxic & thick bc chitin an glucose)
  • plasma membrane like animals (but cholesterol replaced w ergosterol)
47
Q

Fungal Growth: Vegetative Body

A

Can be Unicellular or Multicellular
1) Unicellular = yeasts, Candida sp.
2) Multicellular=hyphae

48
Q

Fungal growth: cycle includes…

A

Both vegetative and reproductive stages
1) vegetative = mycelium (tangle of hyphae), can grow very large on many media
2) reproductive= “mushroom”

49
Q

Fungal Growth: Hyphae

A

divided into singular cells with septa

50
Q

Fungal Nutrition: Obligate aerobes

A

require O2

51
Q

Fungal Nutrition: obligate anaerobes

A

absence of O2 (O2 is toxic for them)

52
Q

Fungal Nutrition: Facultative anaerobes

A

Best in O2 but can survive without

53
Q

Fungal Nutrition: Heterotrophs, Saprobes, Parasites

A
  • acquire energy from dead or decaying matter
  • external digestion
  • many are parasitic
  • some predators (nematophagous fungi)
54
Q

Fungal Nutrition: digestion

A

external digestion
- the reverse of our ingestion and digestion
- digest w enzymes then absorb
- can digest cellulose and linen*
- potential bioremediations

55
Q

Predator Fungal EX: Haustoria

A

specialized hyphae- inject enzymes

56
Q

Fungal reproduction

A

Sexual and asexual
- perfect fungi - both
- imperfect fungi - asexually - mitosis

57
Q

Asexual Fungal Reproduction

A
  • fragmentation, budding, spores (asexually through mitosis)
  • sporangium- reproductive sac
  • conidiophores - uni/multicellular - released from hypha
58
Q

Sexual Fungal Reproduction

A
  • often response to adverse environmental conditions
  • two mating types produced
    1: homothallic- same mycelium,
    2: heterothallic- requires 2 different (but compatible) mycelium
59
Q

3 stages of sexual reproduction

A

1) Plasmogamy: (cytoplasm unite)- dikaryotic cell (2 haploid nuclei)
2) Karyogamy: (nuclei unite) - diploid zygote nucleus
3) Meiosis: spores released into the environment

60
Q

5 phyla of fungi

A

1- chytridiomycota
2- zygomycota
3- ascomycota
4- basidiomycota
5- glomeromycota

61
Q

Chytridiomycota

A

only class= Chytridiomycetes
- simplest and most primitive (500 MYA)
- most unicellular, some multicellular
- only fungi with flagella
- most aquatic
- parasitic species- plants, insects, amphibians

62
Q

Zygomycota: Conjugated Fungi

A
  • most are saprobes (black bread mold)
  • used in industry (steroid hormones)
  • usually asexually reproduce- sporangia
  • sexual reproduction- conjugation (need two opposing mating strands), zygospores (diploid) - meiosis - spores
63
Q

Ascomycota - Sac Fungi

A

Ascus= saclike structure contains haploid ascospores
Economic importance- food, yeasts, parasites
Reproduction: Asexual- conidiophores produce conidiophores
Sexual- 1) male strain- antheridium
2) female strain- ascogonium
3) asci fill ascocarp (fruiting body)

64
Q

Basiodimycota - Club Fungi

A

Basidia: club-like fruiting bodies
- common mushrooms, shelf fungi, smuts and rusts
- mostly edible mushrooms, also many deadly ones

65
Q

Reproduction in Basidiomycota

A

alternation of generations
- haploid and eukaryotic - sexual spores more common
- male and female strains fuse
- diploid zygote- meiosis
- basidiospores in basidiocarp (mushroom)

66
Q

Imperfect fungi

A
  • asexually reproducing Ascomycota and Basidiomycota
  • form visible “fuzzy” mycelia = mold
  • commercial importance (ripening cheese “blue cheese”, penicillium)
  • Aflatoxins- toxic compounds
67
Q

Glomeromycota

A

*Arbuscular mycorrhizae- plant roots
- cannot survive without plant roots

68
Q

ecological roles: Fungi

A
  • universal decomposers (major roles in cycling N2 and P)
  • live in most habitats
  • more common forest floor (dark and moist)
  • need moisture to thrive and move nutrients
69
Q

Symbiosis and Mutualism in Fungi

A

Symbiosis- living together
Mutualism- both benefit
- 90% vascular plants

70
Q

lifecycle

A
  • the majority is diploid, going from diploid to haploid = meiosis, mitosis is just one division (haploid to haploid or diploid to diploid, not one to another)
71
Q

how do fungi feed

A

extracellular digestion

72
Q

mycorrhizal fungi

A

(myco=fungus, rhizo = root)
- fungi mutualism with plant roots, give plants nitrogen and phosphorous, plant gives fungi sugar
Ectomychorrizal: envelope roots in sheath (zygomycota, accomycota, basidiomycota)
Endomychorrizal (arbuscular) fungi: inside the root of Glomeromycota

73
Q

Lichens: mutualism

A
  • ascomycota or basidiomycota
  • alga or cyanobacteria
    *Alga and Fungi: alga provides C, fungi provides protection and attachment to substrate
    Reproduction- spreading via Soredie (mycelia sourrounded algal cells
  • environmental indicators!
74
Q

Fungal/Animal mutualism: insect/fungal

A
  • scale insects and Basidiomycota
  • fungi farming ants
75
Q

Fungal/Animal mutualism: Fungivores

A
  • disperse fungal spores in feces
  • black truffles
76
Q

Review relationship terms!

A

Mutualism: both benefit
Commensalism: one benefits, one unaffected
Parasitism: one benefits, one harmed

77
Q

Fungal Plant Parasites and Pathogens: Direct harm in…

A

Rotting crops and food-producing plants.
- decay or stored crops
- smuts and rusts

78
Q

Fungal Plant Parasites and Pathogens: Secondary effects of fungal infection

A
  • ergot
  • aflatoxin
79
Q

Mycosis

A

disease resulting from fungus

80
Q

Mycotoxins

A

poisoning of humans and animals by food contaminated by fungal toxins

81
Q

fungal infections difficult to treat

A

ones in eukaryotes, because antibiotics only work on prokaryotes

82
Q

Other animal and human parasites

A
  • mould sensitivity/toxic mould
  • chytrid fungi and amphibians
  • human infections- skin or respiratory
83
Q

beneficial use of fungi

A

1) food
2) medicine
3) biological control

84
Q

mycelium of fungi

A

haploid
- they come together to form diploid

85
Q

fungal stage where cells unite but nuclei are not yet fused

A

plasmogamy

86
Q

most ancestral fungal group that has swimming gametes

A

chytridiomycota
- ex. white fungus on frogs

87
Q

gills on portabello mushroom

A

basidiomycota

88
Q

black bread mold

A

zygomycota

89
Q

fungi are universal — ecologically

A

decomposers

90
Q

mycelium touch

A

the ground
- adjust nutrients by extracellular digestion before pulling in

91
Q

air we breathe is what % Nitrogen

A

78%

92
Q

T/F: Nitrogen in the air can be used by most organisms

A

False

93
Q

Some of earliest eukaryotes 3.8 BYA

A

Stromatolites

94
Q

energy producing organelle only in eukaryotes

A

mitochondria

95
Q

plant chloroplasts are similar to…

A

our mitochondria in evolutionary origins
- endosymbiosis

96
Q

protists are monophyletic or paraphyletic

A

paraphyletic

97
Q

slime molds are an example of what group

A

amoebozoa

fall semester 2024-25 LSSU (9 decks)

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