bio test: oct 11 Flashcards
geologic record
2.1 BYA (prokaryotes- stromatolites were 3.8)
Eukaryotes are what type of group?
Monophyletic. (common ancestor gave rise to all)
Eukaryote last common ancestor had:
- cells w nuclei, nuclear envelope with pores
- mitochondria
- cytoskeleton (of microtubules/microfilaments)
- flagella or cilia - for motility
- chromosomes organized by histones
- undergo mitosis
- capable of sexual reproduction
- cell walls - lost in many groups
Aerobic respiration/aerobic metabolism
Seen in all lineages of eukaryotes (because of mitochondria). Aerobic metabolism produces lots of ATP (ATP is the basis of all energy).
Endosymbiosis theory
Eukaryotes result from one cell engulfing another, one lived in the other, and they co-evolved.
- unclear whether this was before or after nucleus
Our energy-harvesting is very similar to
bacteria
Our nuclear genes and molecular machinery is very similar to
archaea
mitochondria are present only in
eukaryotes (1-1000+ per cell)
mitochondria are shaped like
proteobacteria with two membranes
to look at organisms relationships we look at what type of DNA?
mitochondrial
just looking at differences between individuals
nuclear DNA
have their own genome!
- circular chromosome
- special ribosomes (similar to prokaryotes)
- some genes in the nucleus are transferred from the mitochondria (mimicking prokaryote -> nucleus)
Mitochondria divide…
Independently - like binary fission
There are anaerobic eukaryotes?
True. Assumed to be an evolutionary reversal (ex. anaerobic eukaryote lost ability of aerobic respiration)
plastids are like mitochondria BUT…
They are photosynthetic (bc of their chloroplasts), (similar bc circular chromosomes)
Plastids origin
symbiotic origin
- derived from cyanobacteria (happened twice, primary endosymbiosis)
Primary vs Secondary endosymbiosis
first: archaeplastida (most plants today)
second: only a few species
+ Major groups of algae (major protozoans), they have secondary plastids surrounded by 3 membranes
protists are a eukaryote?
true
what type of group is protists
Paraphyletic.
- over 100 000 species
- very diverse in structure and function
- defined as a eukaryote that is not an animal, plant or fungi
Cell structure of protists
- complex
- micrometres to more than metres
- animal OR plant like
- can have pellicles: interlocking protein strips
Protist metabolism
Highly varied:
- aerobic or anaerobic
- photoautotrophs
- heterotrophs
Examples of heterotroph protists
phagocytosis:engulfing cells
Saprobes: eat dead things
Mixotrophs: eat a bit of everything
Protist Motility
- flagella, cilia, or pseudopodia
- some can not move at all
- some move lots
Taxis: refers to movement - have amoeboid movement*
Lifecycles of Protist
- can undergo asexual reproduction- binary fission
- sexual reproduction- meiosis and fertilization
- many switch from sexual to asexual
Habitats of protists
highly varied - most have some water connection
amoeba movement
pseudopods (blob like)
archaeplastids
- red and green plants*
- descendants are heterotrophic protists and cyanobacterium
alternation of generations
there are two different generations within the lifecycle - sporophyte (diploid stage) and gametophyte (haploid stage)
glaucophytes
chloroplasts retain cell wall of cyanobacteria
Green Algae
most abundant! Subgroups:
1) charophytes- closest living relatives to land plants
2) Chlorophytes- from fresh water and damp soil ex. volvox
Amoebazoa
- contain the gymnomoebae
- slime molds!
slime molds
similar to fungi, types:
plasmodial: large multinucleate cells- netlike feeding structure, ex “dog vomit”
cellular: interdependent cells in good conditions, aggregate in poor conditions
Opisthokonto
- single posterior flagellum
- chanoflagellates*
chloroplasts are derived from?
secondary endosymbiosis
- this is seen in Rhizeria group
Rhizerians
- “tests” / shells are crucial to the carbon cycle
1) foraminiferans- heterotrophic, porous tests
2) radiolarians- glassy silica shell
3) cercozoa- naked and shelled (or not!)
Chromalveolata
engulfed photosynthetic red algae
Within Chromalveolata: Alveolata
1) Dinoflagellates: photosynthetic, heterotrophic, mixotrophic, bioluminescent, red tides (eruption of dinoflagellates)
2) Apicomplexans: parasitic- malaria (plasmodium!)
3) Ciliates: paramecium
Within Chromalveolata: Straminopiles
1) diatoms: unicellular photosynthetic- SiO2
2) Brown Algae: marine multicellular- giant kelp
3) oomycetes- “egg type fungus”, parasitic or saprobes