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fall semester 2024-25 LSSU > bio - quiz #1 > Flashcards

bio - quiz #1 Flashcards

1
Q

fact

A

Truth about the natural world

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2
Q

hypothesis

A

Prediction about the behavior of matter..or..suggested explanation for for an event – which one can test
* “An idea you can test”

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3
Q

theory

A

Tested and confirmed explanation for observations or phenomena

Germ Theory, Evolution

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4
Q

law

A

Universally accepted as true – always applies - Gravity

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5
Q

the goal of science is to…

A

disprove!! good hypothesis is falsifiable

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6
Q

corona vaccine is example of…

A

applied science (not basic!!)

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7
Q

serendipity

A

finding something great while looking for something else

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8
Q

SCIENTIFIC LITERATURE:

A
  • poplar literature 3 (internet, ideas)
  • gray literature 3/2 (more on topic)
  • white papers 2 (gov)
  • peer reviewed 1 (other scientists)
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9
Q

evolution

A

change in gene frequencies in population or species over time

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10
Q

history + names: Darwin, e.

A

breed fast horses

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11
Q

history + names: Lyell

A

father modern geology, rocks + time period

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12
Q

history + names: Darwin, c

A

evolution, med school

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13
Q

history + names: Wallace

A

butterflies, natural selection

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14
Q

history + names: bates

A

lost in amazon, mimicry

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15
Q

history + names: Lamarck

A

didn’t catch on

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16
Q

natural selection

A

process by which some individuals survive and reproduce better than others

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17
Q

adaptation

A

trait or characteristic that when present, gives those with it an advantage to survive and reproduce (are inherited)

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18
Q

darwins 4- tenets of natural selection

A

1- traits are variable
2- traits are heritable
3- some individuals in a population survive better than others
4- some individuals in a population will reproduce more than others

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19
Q

adaptations help…

A

natural selection which leads to evolution

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20
Q

divergent evolution

A

related organisms become very different, from one point into separate lineages

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21
Q

convergent evolution

A

unrelated organisms independently evolve similar traits
- shark and dolphins “converge”

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22
Q

homologous structures

A

same overall layout despite modifications in lineages
- tetrapod forelimb

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23
Q

vestigial structures

A

structures in organisms with no apparent function, residual from ancestor
- tailbone

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24
Q

fossil record

A

fossils show evidence of past structures

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25
Q

molecular biology

A

DNA sequences

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26
Q

biogeography

A

distribution of organisms

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27
Q

misconceptions!!

A
  • just a theory
  • individuals evolve
  • evolution explains origins of life
    organisms evolve for a purpose
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28
Q

species

A

a group of individuals that can interbreed + produce fertile viable offspring

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29
Q

gene pool

A

collection of all the gene variants in a population/ species

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30
Q

hybrids

A

cross between two species, offspring may be infertile

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31
Q

speciation

A

formation of two (or more) species from an original species (not always a simple “Y”, depends on heritability)

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32
Q

allopatric speciation

A

geographic separation (varying pressure on new populations, reduced gene flow)

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33
Q

sympatric seperation

A

parent species existing together (polyploidy, niche petitioning, ie) birds beaks - breed @diff parts of tree - become two diff species)

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34
Q

dispersal

A

few members move to new location

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35
Q

vicariance

A

natural situation divides a population (ie. founder event, continental drift)

36
Q

adaptive radiation

A

niche partitioning from a single point of origin

37
Q

polyploidy

A

extra set chromosomes

38
Q

autopolyploidy

A

multiple chromosomes from own species (diploid rather than haploid gametes, which can lead to tetraploid)

39
Q

allopolyploidy

A

gametes from two different species combine (fertile hybrids, wheat)

40
Q

habitat influence

A

increased competition leads to niche separation, limited interaction among groups leads to speciation

41
Q

preORpost: temporal isolation (time)

A

pre zygotic barrier

42
Q

preORpost: habitat isolation

A

pre zygotic barrier

43
Q

preORpost: behavioral isolation

A

pre zygotic barrier

44
Q

preORpost: genetic barrier

A

pre zygotic barrier

45
Q

preORpost: hybrid inviability

A

post zygotic barrier (hybrid cant fully develop, hybrid is sterile)

46
Q

hybrid zone

A

area along species distributions where hybridization commonly occurs (STABILITY!)

47
Q

reinforcement

A

hybrids are less fit, divergence continues until hybridization can no longer occur

48
Q

fusion

A

reproductive barriers weaken, species become one

49
Q

stability

A

fit hybrids continue to be produced (see chickadee example??)

50
Q

graduated speciation model

A

graduated (slow and steady) speciation over time

51
Q

punctuated equilibrium

A

quick then unchanged for a long time

52
Q

modern synthesis

A

incorporates genetics into evolutionary models to explain how populations change over time

53
Q

microevolution

A

population change

54
Q

macroevolution

A

speciation + further taxonomic groupings

55
Q

population genetics

A

study of allele and genotypic frequencies in population

56
Q

allele frequencies

A

rate at which a specific allele appears in a population

57
Q

HW equilibrium: gene frequencies are stable unless…

A

a force acts upon them

58
Q

5 assumptions of HW

A

1) no mutations
2) no gene flow (isolated)
3) no natural selection (no advantages)
4) no genetic drift (random loss alleles)
5) random mating

59
Q

genetic drift

A

random loss of alleles (important for small populations, HW assumes infinite population size)

60
Q

type of drift: founder event

A

breaks off, the main population is still there

61
Q

type of drift: bottleneck event

A

surviving population = new alleles, others died

62
Q

population variation

A

distribution of phenotype in population

63
Q

heritability

A

amount of phenotype variation we can attribute to genetic differences among individuals in a population (selection acts on phenotypes!)

64
Q

genetic variance

A

diversity of genotypes, and alleles in a population

65
Q

selection pressure

A

driving selective force acting on a population

66
Q

inbreeding depression

A

increased occurrence of deleterious or harmful alleles in a population due to continues mating of related individuals

67
Q

evolutionary forces

A
  • genetic drift
  • bottleneck effect
  • founder event
68
Q

gene flow

A

alleles in and out of population

69
Q

mutation

A

changes to organisms’ DNA… new genes!

70
Q

nonrandom mating

A

individual preference

71
Q

assortive mating

A

phenotypically similar partners

72
Q

environmental variation

A

environment determines characteristics ie) temp dependant sex w sea turtles

73
Q

geographical variation

A

variation of populations along species distribution (larger animals in north)

74
Q

natural selection acts on heritable traits to…

A

increase beneficial alleles while selecting against deleterious alleles

75
Q

evolutionary fitness

A

individuals contribution to the next generations gene pool (# viable offspring)

76
Q

relative fitness

A

offspring produced relative to others in a population

77
Q

stabilizing selection

A

selection against extreme phenotypes in a population, selection will decrease genetic variance (# of eggs) ie) human birth weights (middle/moderate phenotypes favoured)

78
Q

directional selection

A

for phenotypes at one end of spectrum ie) peppered moth

79
Q

diversifying selection

A

for phenotypes om both ends of spectrum, selection against middle

80
Q

frequency dependant selection

A

selection for common or rare phenotypes

81
Q

sexual selection

A

selection pressures on males and females to obtain matings

82
Q

sexual dimorphism

A

differences in male and female characteristics

83
Q

handicap principle

A

degree of characteristics implies higher quality (think big bird tail)

84
Q

good genes hypothesis

A

characteristics show quality of genes

85
Q

T/F: there is no perfect organism

A

true!!

fall semester 2024-25 LSSU (8 decks)

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