chem exam #1 - sept 20 Flashcards
*also study week one notes
subatomic particles
the neutrons, protons and electrons in an atom
jj thompson and the cathde ray tube (1897)
- cathode ray tube (glass tube with most of air removed) is connected to power supply, this generates cathode rays (streams of e-)
- cathode ray passed into region beyond power supply
thompson found that by applying electric or magnetic fields…
he could bend the cathode rays
- this allowed him to calculate mass-to-charge ratio of e- (plum pudding model
robert millikans oil drop experiment
- generated very tiny oil drops that fell toward a neg-charged plate
- x-ray beam generates e- that stick to the oil drops
R.M. -1) by changing the charge on the plate he could…
- 2) by using mass-charge ratio from thompson…
1) - change the rate at which the oil drops fell
- determined charge of an e- (-1.602 x10^-19 coulomb)
2) calculated mass of an e- (9.109 x10 ^-31)
1896, Henri Becquerel discovered…
radiation being emitted by the mineral pitchblende
becquerel, curie’s, and rutherford discovered it was…
several types of radiation
rutherford found beta particles
(B) - equivalent in mass and charge to high energy electron
alpha particles
(fish) - equivalent in charge to 4He nucleus (2 protons, 2 neutrons)
alpha and beta particles get deflected in…
opposite directions by electric fields
rutherford gold foil experiment 1909
- had two graduate students test the plum pudding model
- bombard thin gold sheet w alpha particles
if the plum pudding model was correct…
the alpha particles should pass right through with some minor deflection
results of gold foil
- about 1 in 8000 particles deflected an average of 90 degrees, some bounced straight back (some fraction of alpha particles encountered a region of high pos. charge and mass)
1920, consensus that all nuclei contain …
protons
1932, neutrons were characterized in the…
nucleus
each proton and neutron has a mass of…
1 unified atomic mass unit, also called daltons (Da)
isotopes
atoms of the same element that have the same # of protons, but a diff # of neutrons on nuclei
nuclide
any atom of any element that has a particular # of neutrons in its nucleus
a
z X
a is mass number (#protons + #neutrons), z is atomic number (#protons)
*normally leave out atomic number
protons=
atomic #
neutrons =
mass = p + n
mass - p = n