BIO UNIT 3 Flashcards
viruses
Obligate intracellular Parasites
virion
single virus particle
general size viruses
very small, 20-250nm
Most viruses can only be seen with…
electron microscopy
DNA and poxviruses can be observed with…
light microscopy
Viruses Evolution hypotheses (3)
- Regressive hypothesis – from free living cells
- Progressive hypothesis – RNA or DNA that escaped host cells
- Self-replicating hypothesis
Non-cellular – Biological entities with no cellular structure
- Nucleic acid core
- Outer protein coating = capsid
- Phospholipid membrane = envelope – not always present
Complexity not associated with host
bacteriophage
shaped
- Helical – many plant viruses
- Icosahedral – Roughly sphere – Poliovirus, herpesvirus
- Enveloped – Animal viruses - HIV
- Head-and-tail – Infect bacteria
Virus Core
contains the genome
RNA viruses
only RNA
* Must encode own enzymes to replicate RNA to RNA or RNA to DNA (retroviruses)
* More prone to change –RNA polymerases make more errors
DNA viruses
Viral DNA “tricks” host cell into replicating its genome
Virus Classification: Structure
Enveloped or not, capsid structure, RNA or DNA
Baltimore Classification
Morphology, genetics, how mRNA is produced
Permissive
Host cells where virus replicates, Must have receptor *permission is first step!!!
Attachment
needs specific receptor, this is second step!
Entry
endocytosis (plant and animal), membrane fusing, third step!
Replication and Assembly
Viral mRNA, reverse transcription (HIV)
Egress
release of new virions
* Lysis & apoptosis * Budding
DISEASE: Acute
symptoms get worse for a short period before elimination from body
DISEASE: Chronic
long term
(could be intermittent or asymptomatic)
DISEASE: Oncogenic Viruses
ability to cause cancer
Vaccine
live, killed, molecular subunits of viruses
* Live strains and back mutation
*High mutation rate of viruses
Anti-viral Drugs
- Manage symptoms – not curative
- May control viral replication rates (HIV drugs)
Non-Virus Disease Organisms: Prions
– Cause TSE’s
* Cause misfolding in normal proteins
* Usually fast acting and always fatal
Human Prions
Kuru, Krutzfeldt-Jakob Disease
Animal Prions
Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy, Chronic Wasting Disease, Scrapie
First organisms on Earth
Subjected to harsh conditions
Microbial mats – 3.5 BYA
Multilayer sheet of prokaryotes
Stromatolite
sedimentary structure formed as minerals are precipitated out of water by prokaryotes
Extremophiles
Lovers of extremes (Early Earth was anoxic, hot, subject to solar radiation and volcanic eruptions)