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fall semester 2024-25 LSSU > BIO UNIT 3 > Flashcards

BIO UNIT 3 Flashcards

1
Q

viruses

A

Obligate intracellular Parasites

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2
Q

virion

A

single virus particle

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3
Q

general size viruses

A

very small, 20-250nm

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4
Q

Most viruses can only be seen with…

A

electron microscopy

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5
Q

DNA and poxviruses can be observed with…

A

light microscopy

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6
Q

Viruses Evolution hypotheses (3)

A
  1. Regressive hypothesis – from free living cells
  2. Progressive hypothesis – RNA or DNA that escaped host cells
  3. Self-replicating hypothesis
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7
Q

Non-cellular – Biological entities with no cellular structure

A
  1. Nucleic acid core
  2. Outer protein coating = capsid
  3. Phospholipid membrane = envelope – not always present
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8
Q

Complexity not associated with host

A

bacteriophage

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9
Q

shaped

A
  1. Helical – many plant viruses
  2. Icosahedral – Roughly sphere – Poliovirus, herpesvirus
  3. Enveloped – Animal viruses - HIV
  4. Head-and-tail – Infect bacteria
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10
Q

Virus Core

A

contains the genome

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11
Q

RNA viruses

A

only RNA
* Must encode own enzymes to replicate RNA to RNA or RNA to DNA (retroviruses)
* More prone to change –RNA polymerases make more errors

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12
Q

DNA viruses

A

Viral DNA “tricks” host cell into replicating its genome

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13
Q

Virus Classification: Structure

A

Enveloped or not, capsid structure, RNA or DNA

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14
Q

Baltimore Classification

A

Morphology, genetics, how mRNA is produced

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15
Q

Permissive

A

Host cells where virus replicates, Must have receptor *permission is first step!!!

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16
Q

Attachment

A

needs specific receptor, this is second step!

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17
Q

Entry

A

endocytosis (plant and animal), membrane fusing, third step!

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18
Q

Replication and Assembly

A

Viral mRNA, reverse transcription (HIV)

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19
Q

Egress

A

release of new virions
* Lysis & apoptosis * Budding

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20
Q

DISEASE: Acute

A

symptoms get worse for a short period before elimination from body

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21
Q

DISEASE: Chronic

A

long term
(could be intermittent or asymptomatic)

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22
Q

DISEASE: Oncogenic Viruses

A

ability to cause cancer

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22
Q

Vaccine

A

live, killed, molecular subunits of viruses
* Live strains and back mutation
*High mutation rate of viruses

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23
Q

Anti-viral Drugs

A
  • Manage symptoms – not curative
  • May control viral replication rates (HIV drugs)
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24
Q

Non-Virus Disease Organisms: Prions

A

– Cause TSE’s
* Cause misfolding in normal proteins
* Usually fast acting and always fatal

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25
Q

Human Prions

A

Kuru, Krutzfeldt-Jakob Disease

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26
Q

Animal Prions

A

Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy, Chronic Wasting Disease, Scrapie

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27
Q

First organisms on Earth

A

Subjected to harsh conditions

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28
Q

Microbial mats – 3.5 BYA

A

Multilayer sheet of prokaryotes

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29
Q

Stromatolite

A

sedimentary structure formed as minerals are precipitated out of water by prokaryotes

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30
Q

Extremophiles

A

Lovers of extremes (Early Earth was anoxic, hot, subject to solar radiation and volcanic eruptions)

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31
Q

Phototrophs within… cyanobacteria…

A

1 billion years of earth, 1 Billion years later (Oxygenation)

32
Q

Koch and Petri

A
  • Culture method still used today
  • Koch’s postulates – infected samples, healthy samples, re-infection
33
Q

Non-culturable Prokaryotes

A
  • 99% of prokaryotes – unknown conditions – DNA, PCR, NGS
  • Viable-but-non-culturable state – previously cultured – stressed
  • Resuscitation – goes back to normal state with improved conditions
34
Q

Biofilms

A
  • Microbial community held together by a gummy-like texture
  • Protects prokaryotes from the environment
35
Q

Prokaryote Structure

A
  • Single-celled with no membrane-bound organelles
  • Usually single chromosome
  • Circular DNA in nucleoid
36
Q

Cell wall

A

– protective layer
– determines shape

37
Q

Capsule

A

outside of cell wall – protection – pathogens…

38
Q

Flagella

A

locomotion

39
Q

Pili (pilus singular)

A

attachment to surfaces (HGT)

40
Q

Plasmids

A

(extra-chromosomal DNA)

41
Q

Major bacterial Phyla

A

** Proteobacteria (largest lineage)
** Chlamydial (smallest lineage) – obligate parasites
* Spirochaetes
* Cyanobacteria
* Gram-positive bacteria

42
Q

Archaea

A
  • Euryarchaeota
    *Crenarchaeota
  • Nanoarcheota
  • Korarchaeota
43
Q

membrane

A
  • Thin lipid bilayer plasma membrane
  • Selectively permeable
  • Archaea – replace fatty acids (link glycerol) with isoprene
  • Some lipid monolayers
44
Q

Cell walls

A

outside membrane – withstands high osmotic pressure
***Gram pos. bacteria have a THICK peptidoglycan layer

45
Q

Archaea four cell wall types

A

*Pseudopeptidoglycan, polysaccharide, glycoprotein, pure protein

46
Q

Reproduction: Rates vary

A

minutes to longer (mutation and resistance)

47
Q

Reproduction: Asexual

A

usually binary fission = clones
* No genetic recombination

48
Q

Gene transfer in Prokaryotes

A

Transformation
Transduction
Conjugation

49
Q

Micronutrients

A

required in small amounts ex. iron

50
Q

Macronutrients

A

required in large amounts (CHONPS)
* Components of proteins, carbohydrates, lipids…

51
Q

Phototrophs

A

light energy

52
Q

Chemotrophs

A

chemical compounds

53
Q

Energy producing pathways

A

aerobic or anaerobic

54
Q

Carbon cycle

A
  • CO2 removed and returned
  • Primary producers, consumers, decomposers
55
Q

Nitrogen Cycle

A
  • Nitrogen fixation
  • Ammonification
  • Denitrification
56
Q

Pathogen

A

Bacteria or infectious agent that causes harm to its host

57
Q

Pandemic

A

Widespread (worldwide) epidemic

57
Q

Epidemic

A

Within the same population at the same time

58
Q

Endemic disease

A

always present, usually in low incidence, in a population

59
Q

Zoonoses

A

Diseases normally in animals that can infect humans (animals to humans**)

60
Q

Plague of Athens (430 B.C.)

A

salmonella enterica (typhoid fever)

61
Q

Bubonic Plagues – Yersinia pestis

A
  • Justinian Plague (from 541-750) – 1⁄4 - 1⁄2 of the human population
  • Black Death (1346-1361), Mid 1600’s
    (New cases annually= 10-20 American Southwest)
61
Q

Historical & Foodborne Diseases: Biofilms

A

can resist 1,000x antibiotic concentration
*catheters, orthopedic devices

62
Q

Foodborne Diseases

A
  • Botulism
  • E. coli
  • Listeria monocytogenes
63
Q

antibiotic

A

Chemical that suppresses or inhibits the growth of other organisms

64
Q

Resistance

A

arises from overexposure to antibiotics * Humans and livestock

65
Q

MRSA (methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus)

A
  • Usually easily treated – normal strain
  • Skin, can be in the bloodstream, lungs, urinary tract, sites of injury
  • Community-associated (23 yrs average), normal 68 yrs average
66
Q

Nitrogen Fixation

A

Biological nitrogen fixation
– only prokaryotes (65% in agriculture)
- Symbionts (more than free living by 10x) and free living
* Legumes

67
Q

Prokaryotes in our food

A
  • Cheese, yogurt, pickles, kimchi, sauerkraut, beer, wine, bread
  • Bacteria and yeast (really a fungus)
  • Allowed for longer storage of milk products and other foods
68
Q

Bioremediation

A
  • Using biological organisms to remove harmful chemicals from the environment
  • Fertilizers to **oil spills
69
Q

to infect a new host, steps!

A
  1. permission
  2. attachment
  3. entry
70
Q

protein causing CWD

A

prion

71
Q

largest lineage of bacteria

A

proteobacteria

72
Q

found in deep oceans or along volcanoes

A

extremophiles, archaea OR bacteria
(could be any)

73
Q

prokaryotes have an essential role in…

A

both N and C cycles

74
Q

why do we still not know much about prokaryotes?

A

99% unculturable

75
Q

bacterial diseas in both humans and animals

A

zoonoses

fall semester 2024-25 LSSU (10 decks)

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