bio quiz #2 - sept 18

Question 1

extant species: (if line continues on)

Answer 1

still exist today

Question 2

extinct species: (line is cut short)

Answer 2

none exist today

Question 3

categories of all life on earth (most inclusive –> most specific)

Answer 3

domain
kingdom
phylum
class
order
family
genus
specific epithet
(d.k.p.c.o.f.g.s)

Question 4

phylogeny

Answer 4

evolutionary history of an organism

Question 5

phylogenetic tree

Answer 5

diagram showing ancestor-descendant relationships of organisms and groups of organisms

Question 6

rooted tree

Answer 6

has a single ancestral lineage

Question 7

branch point

Answer 7

represents where a single lineage evolved into a new one

Question 8

basal taxon

Answer 8

lineage evolved early from root remains unbranched

Question 9

sister taxa

Answer 9

two lineages stemming from the same branch

Question 10

polytomy (star phylogeny)

Answer 10

more than two lineages from the same branch

Question 11

systematics

Answer 11

organize and classify organisms based on evolutionary relationships

Question 12

taxonomy

Answer 12

science of classifying organisms to construct internationally shared classification systems

Question 13

binomial nomenclature

Answer 13

each species has two names (ex- Homo sapiens), genus + specific epithet, capitalized and lower case (italicized)

Question 14

similarities in organisms

Answer 14

morphological and genetic (molecular) traits … help in making trees and drawing conclusions

Question 15

homologous traits

Answer 15

derived from common descent (bird and bat wings)

Question 16

cladistics

Answer 16

sorting of organisms into clades (groups descended from common ancestor) based on homologous traits

Question 17

analogous traits

Answer 17

arise independently, insect and bird wings, “convergent”

Question 18

monophyletic group

Answer 18

ancestor and all of its descendants

Question 19

polyphyletic group

Answer 19

more than 1 lineage in one group (protists)

Question 20

reading a tree or cladogram: adaptations lead to…

Answer 20

a new trait that becomes prevalent

Question 21

reading a tree or cladogram: new variations continue to arise…

Answer 21

some are adaptive and persist, lead to new traits

Question 22

reading a tree or cladogram: with new traits…

Answer 22

a new branch point is determined

Question 23

reading a tree or cladogram: many individuals that descent from this point…

Answer 23

have this trait

Question 24

shared ancestral character

Answer 24

trait found in an ancestor of a group

Question 25

shared derived character

Answer 25

arose at some point and does not include all ancestors in groups

Question 26

parsimony

Answer 26

most simple explanation is correct, fewest evolutionary steps

Question 27

horizontal gene transfer

Answer 27

• introduction of genetic material from one species to another by mechanisms other than vertical transmission (parent to offspring)

Question 28

HGT is more common in…

Answer 28

prokaryotes! (bacteria and archaea) but can occur in eukaryotes

Question 29

HGT helps explain…

Answer 29

origins of mitochondria and chloroplasts

Question 30

how HGT occurs (prokaryotes)

Answer 30

• transformation
• transduction
• conjugation

Question 31

how HGT occurs (eukaryotes)

Answer 31

• gene uptake from species feeding on another (aphids, fungi)

Question 32

transformation (prokaryotes)

Answer 32

bacteria take up DNA from environment

Question 33

transduction (prokaryotes)

Answer 33

virus transfers genes

Question 34

conjugation (prokaryotes)

Answer 34

hollow tube (pilus) transfers genes between organisms

Question 35

genome fusion

Answer 35

• two symbiotic prokaryote organisms become endosymbiotic
• one taken into another cytoplasm

Question 36

we have separate — and — DNA

Answer 36

nuclear, mitochondria

Question 37

hypothesis: nucleus first*

Answer 37

nucleus developed in prokaryotes, later fusion with bacteria to become mitochondria

Question 38

hypothesis: mitochondria first

Answer 38

mitochondria evolved in prokaryote host, which then acquired a nucleus

Question 39

hypothesis: eukaryote first

Answer 39

prokaryotes evolved from eukaryotes, then lost genes and complexity

Question 40

web model

Answer 40

incorporates HGT with still a rooted structure of common ancestry

Question 41

ring model

Answer 41

all 3 domains evolve from a pool of primitive prokaryotes