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fall semester 2024-25 LSSU > Unit 5: Plants > Flashcards

Unit 5: Plants Flashcards

1
Q

Early plants

A
  • within archaeplastida (as well as red and green algae)
  • only green algae contains chlorophyll A & B like plants
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2
Q

early plants adaptations to land

A
  1. Alternation of Generations
  2. Apical meristem (root and shoot)
  3. Waxy cuticle
  4. Cell walls with lignin
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3
Q

Alt. Of Gens: Haplodiplontic life cycle

A

both haploid and diploid multicellular stages

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4
Q

Gametophyte

A

multicellular haploid form
* Produced gametes via mitosis

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5
Q

Sporangium

A

produces spores in seedless plants

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5
Q

Sporangium 2 types:

A

Homosporous – produces one type of spores
Heterosporous – produces 2 types of spores

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6
Q

Sporophyte

A

Multicellular diploid form
* Produce “spores” via meiosis

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7
Q

Gametangia

A

Produces gametes in seedless plants

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8
Q

Apical Meristems

A
  • Site of rapid cell division
  • Root tip and shoot tip
  • Undifferentiated cells – continued proliferation
  • Allows for root and shoot elongation
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9
Q

Apical Meristems: Lateral meristem

A

gives trees girth

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10
Q

Vascular tissue

A

structure and nutrient movement

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11
Q

Xylem

A

water and ions from root to shoot

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12
Q

Phloem

A

Food derived via photosynthesis throughout plant

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13
Q

Lignin

A

adds to strength of tissues

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14
Q

Waxy cuticle

A

Prevents H2O loss, stifles CO2 uptake

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15
Q

Stomata

A

pores for gas exchange

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16
Q

Additional Adaptations of Land Plants

A
  • UV protective flavonoids
  • Chemical deterents
    –> smells etc
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17
Q

Paleozoic Era

A

has six periods
* Cambrian, Ordovician, Silurian, Devonian, Carboniferous, Permian

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18
Q

Ordovician

A

colonization of land by plants (> 500 MYA)

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19
Q

End of Devonian

A

Ferns, Horsetails (seedless) and seed plants populated
* Gave rise to trees and forests
* Vegetation-enriched air with O2
* Provided food for land animals

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20
Q

Major divisions land plants

A
  • Non-vascular: moss, horn-worts/liver-worts
  • Seedless Vascular: Horsetails
  • Seed Plants: Gymnosperms (ex. conifers) & Angiosperms (Monocots and Dicots)
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21
Q

Groups of Green Algae

A

Charophytes and Chlorophytes

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22
Q

Charophytes and Chlorophytes

A
  • Same chlorophyll a & b, and carotenoids as land plants – Archaeplastida
  • Store carbohydrates as starch (like land plants)
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23
Q

Chlorophytes

A

sea lettuce and volvox

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24
Q

Charophytes ex.

A

Chara

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25
Q

Structure of Green Algae

A

single cellular, colonial (even in long chains), multicellular

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26
Q

Green algae cannot survive without…

A

thin film of H2O

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27
Q

Green Algae reproduces…

A

*Asexual – Fragmentation (ex.clippings) or dispersal of spores
*Sexual – fusion of gametes

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28
Q

How Algae differ from plants: Molecular analysis

A

Land plants and Charophytes = sister groups (share common ancestor, diverged)

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29
Q

Similarities of Land Plants and Charophytes

A
  • Cells divide along cell plates
  • Plasmodesmata – intercellular channels
  • Apical growth
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30
Q

Streptophyta

A

New monophyletic group including land plants and Charophytes

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31
Q

Closest living relative of land plants

A

Charales

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32
Q

Charophytes 3 groups

A

1) Charales
(420MYA– freshwater habitats
Ex. Chara or Skunkweed–stem has no supportive tissue= not a plant Haplontic lifecycle)
*more important than the others
2) Zygnematales
(More like embryophytes
Reproduce sexually and asexually, haplontic lifecycle)
3) Coleochaetales

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33
Q

Bryophytes

A
  • Closest extant relatives of early terrestrial plants (450 MYA)
  • 25,000 species
  • Thrive in Tundra, moist habitats
  • Lack xylem and lignin (so no fossils)
  • conducting cells move water and nutrients cell to cell
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34
Q

Liverworts (Hepaticophyta)

A
  • Most closely related to ancestor of vascular plants – it is terrestrial but still moist (hepatico = liver, phyta = plant, )
  • 7,000 species
  • Lobe (like lobe of liver) like flat thallus (some are leaf-like)
  • Organelles allow movement of gas (not stomata)
  • Sporophyte (on top of gametophyte) contained in archegonium
  • Asexual and sexual reproduce
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34
Q

Hornworts (Anthocerophyta)

A

Cero = Horn
* Narrow pipe-like sporophyte
(Sporophytes emerge from gametophyte)
* Stomata appear in this group
* lots live with cyanobacteria
* alternation of generations

35
Q

bryophytes life cycle dominated by

A

Gametophyte (n)
* Male gamete has flagella
* Sporophyte lives on gametophyte, sporangium barely noticeable

36
Q

Mosses

A
  • 10,000+ species
  • Very abundant on tundra & bogs
  • Sensitive to air pollution and Cu salts
  • Gametophyte dominates life cycle
  • Lack stomata and vascular tissue
  • root like Rhizoids- not major route of H2O absorption
  • Sporophyte attached to gametophyte
37
Q

Tracheophytes

A
  • Vascular plants (more than 260,000 species)
  • Diploid sporophyte is dominant, haploid grows on top
  • Seedless vascular plants depend on H2O during fertilization or to move
38
Q

Vascular Tissue arose…

A

430 MYA

39
Q

Xylem

A

water and nutrients from root to shoot
*Tracheids (conducting cells) supportive filler tissue, bent straw-looking
* Tracheids incorporate lignin–giving rigid strength

40
Q

Phloem

A

Transports sugars, proteins, and solutes
*Sieve elements (conducting cells), supporting cells

41
Q

Roots

A

evolved after the vascular tissue
* Absorb H2O and nutrients, anchors plant, Symbiosis with Fungi

42
Q

Leaves

A
  • Microphylls (350 MYA): Single un-branched vein (xylem and phloem in this vein) center of leaf, ex- Club mosses
  • Megaphylls (big leaves): Multiple veins
43
Q

Sporophylls

A

modified to bear sporangia

44
Q

Strobili

A

Cone-like structures that contain sporangia (conifers)

45
Q

Ferns and other Seedless Vascular Plants

A
  • Thrived in Carboniferous (360-300 MYA)

P. Lycophyta (club mosses): Earliest seedless vascular plants, Lifecycle like moss – except sporophyte is a major stage

P. Monilophyta :
-Equisetopsida– Horsetails
* Needle-like leaves, photosynthesis in stem, Silica in stem=rigidity, Bisexual gametophytes

-Psilotopsida- Whisk Ferns
* Lack roots and leaves(reduction–reversal) , Photosynthesis in stems

-Polypodiopsida- True Ferns
* Large fronds (leaf), Photosynthetic, Carry reproductive organs (sori = sporangia), Sporophyte is dominant

46
Q

classes of P. Monilophyta

A

Equisetopsida, Psilotopsida, Polypodiopsida

47
Q

sporophyte vs gametophyte

A
48
Q

Importance of Seedless Plants

A

Mosses and liverworts: - First in primary succession ,Mosses replenish soil with N2, Biological indicators

Ferns:
* Promote weathering of rock

Peat moss: – bog plant used as fuel
* Cultivate blueberries and cranberries

Provided food for land animals

49
Q

Moving Toward Seed plants

A
  • Dominant sporophyte generation, gametophyte to microscopic

Heterosporous – unlike seedless plants, gametophytes are not free-living
Exist as either…
Megaspores: develop into female gametophytes–produce eggs * Microspores: develop into male gametophytes–produce sperm
* Seeds and Pollen distinguish seed plants…pollen is the male gametophyte, not sperm

50
Q

First Seed Plants

A

Distinct seed plants 350 MYA

Gymnosperms: 319 MYA (Pennsylvanian period) Dominated Early Triassic (240 MYA) and mid Jurassic (205 MYA)

Angiosperms: dominated beginning mid Cretaceous (100 MYA)

51
Q

Gymnosperm Evolution

A

Seed Ferns: first seed plants (ex. Elkinisia polymorpha)
* 400 MYA, produced seeds along branches in cupules (protected ovule) * Seed ferns diversified Carboniferous (coal swamps)

Progymnosperms: Devonian Period (390 MYA)

Permian dry: advantage seed plants
* Ginkgoales (Ginkgo biloba, last one living) first gymnosperms in Jurrasic
* Gymnosperms expanded in Mezozoic (240 MYA)

Remain dominant plants in Tiaga (N. Boreal Forest), Alpine

52
Q

Seeds and Pollen

A

Seeds:
Embryo in a protective coating with a nutrient store (baby in a box with a lunch)
* dormant up to thousands of years
* Protective coat prevents desiccation
* dispersal in space and time
(Wind, Animals, water, Dispersal avoids competition)

Pollen grains:
= male gametophytes (not the sperm!)
*Encased haploid cells to prevent desiccation
*Creates pollen tube on contact with female gametophyte = no H2O

53
Q

Evolution of Angiosperms

A
  • Not derived from Gymnosperms
  • Evolved with Insects (at same time) – second in number to insects
  • Monocots, Eudicots, Basal Angiosperms (Water Lily)
  • New innovations – Flowers and Fruit
  • Protected site of fertilization and seed development
  • Fertilization, ovary thickens = Fruit
54
Q

Naked seeds (Gymnosperms)

A
  • have separate female and male gametes
  • pollination by wind (ex. pollen)
  • presence of tracheids (transport H2O and solutes)
    “Naked Seeds” – not enclosed in an ovary
  • Partly sheltered by modified leaves
55
Q

Gymnosperms dominant

A

in Mesozoic – adapted to live where…
- Fresh H2O is scarce during part of the year
- N2 poor soil (like a Bog)

56
Q

Strobilus

A

Strobilus – tight arrangement of sporophylls (modified leaves) around a central stalk (pine cone)
* gymnosperm

57
Q

Gymnosperm Life Cycle

A

Heterosporous (2 types of spores - mega and microspores)… two types

Monoecious (bisexual): male and female sporangia produced on the same plant (1 plant *momo)

Dioecious (unisexual): male and female sporangia on separate plants (2 plants *di)

58
Q

Monecious

A
  • Small male cones and large female cones
59
Q

Within smaller cones:Microsporocysts

A

Microsporocysts: Meiosis (diploid to haploid) – create Pollen grains(male gametophytes) - has 2 spermcells

Megasporocyte: Meiosis – gametophyte traps pollen
- eventually Embryo develops (may be up to 2 yrs)

60
Q

3 parts of seed develop

A

Seed coat from sporophyte tissue, gametophyte tissue for nutrients, embryo

61
Q

Gymnosperm Diversity

A

4 Phyla

62
Q

Coniferophyta (Phyla of Gymnosperm)

A

dominant phyla!!!
- needles= low evaporation, snow slides off
EX. Pine, Spruce, Fir, Cedar, Yew, Sequoia
- Tracheids but no vessel elements
Importance: pulp and timber

63
Q

Cycadophyta (Phyla of Gymnosperm)

A
  • Often mistaken for palms
  • Mild Climates
  • Pollinated by beetles (not wind)
  • Common in Mesozoic, now only 100 sp
  • Ornamental plants
64
Q

Ginkgophyta (Phyla of Gymnosperm)

A
  • Single species today (Ginkgo biloba)
  • Fan shaped leaves
  • Cultivated by Chinese Buddhist monks
  • resistant to pollution
  • Separate male and female plants
65
Q

Gnetophyta (Phyla of Gymnosperm)

A
  • Vessel elements – closest to Angiosperms – genetics = close to conifers
  • 3 Genera
  • Ephedra– Dry W.USA and Mexico–Ephedrine from leaves
  • Gnetum– Africa, S.America, S.E.Asia, trees, shrubs, vines
  • Welwitschia –Namib desert, 2 leaves on the plant, male and female plants
66
Q

angiosperm success revolves around

A

the fact that they have flowers and fruit

67
Q

what is a flower

A

modifies leaves (sporophytes) around central receptacle

68
Q

Perianth (inside flowers)

A

sepals and petals
* Sepals– base of attachment of flower to plant– enclose unopened floral bud ( flower hasnt opened up yet)
* Petals – Inside whorl of sepals– attract pollinators

69
Q

Gynoecium

A

the female part of the flower (consists of one or more Carpels)
Inside this we have… (bowling pin image)
* Stigma – Pollen receptacle
* Style - Connecting structure (neck) pollen tube will grow here
* Ovary–Housesovule(s)

70
Q

Multiple carpels

A

Pistil

71
Q

Androecium

A

The male part of the flower
* Stamen (multiple in Androecium)
* stalk (filament) & Anther (pollensac)

72
Q

Angiosperm Reproduction

A
  • Double fertilization – Zygote (1st), Endosperm (2nd)
  • Embryo has radicle (small root) & Cotyledon(s) (leaf like organ)
73
Q

Fruits

A
  • Ovary walls thicken after fertilization
    *Can be Fleshy (berries, apples, grapes) or Dry (nuts, rice, wheat)
  • Not all fruits from a single ovary
  • Aids in dispersal
74
Q

Anthophyta

A

single phylum of Angiosperms
* called Basal Angiosperms or Magnoliidea
ex. Magnolias, laurels, peppers
ex of Laurels – avocado, cinnamon, spicebush (important economically and culturally)

75
Q

Monocots

A

single cotyledon
* Vascular tissue is scattered, ring in roots
* No tap root
x. Lilies,Orchids,Grasses

76
Q

Dicots

A

two cotyledons, flowers in multiples of 4 or 5
* Herbaceous or woody
* Main tap root
* 2/3 of all flowering plants

77
Q

Differences in Monocots and Dicots

A

seed: one cotyledon vs two
root: fibrous vs tap
vascular tissue: scattered vs ringed
leaf: parallel (narrow) vs branched veins (broad)
flower: multiples of 3 vs 4 or 5

78
Q

Herbivory

A

It doesn’t hurt plants!! Both pollination and herbivory contribute to angiosperm success
* Evolutionary arms race – plant defence and animal feeding
ex. mutualism – Ants and Acacia

79
Q

Pollination

A
  • 200,000 sp. depend on pollination
  • Specialized flowers to match pollinators
80
Q

Foundation of Human Diets

A

Seed plants!!! Prevent pathogens from spoiling, make taste better!!
* Carbohydrates – rice, potato, wheat
* Protein – Beans and nuts
* Fats – seeds, avocado, olives, coconut
* Drinks – Tea, Coffee
* Spices – Pepper, Cinnamon,…

81
Q

Seed Plants and Humans:

A
  • Fermentation
  • Wood and Fiber
  • Ornamental seed plants
  • Medicines
82
Q

Ethnobotanists

A
  • studies how people and cultures use plants
  • Career connection (pg. 682)
83
Q

Bioprospecting

A

looking for compounds to use, generally in medicine, that plants naturally produce ex. taxol, cancer

84
Q

Heirloom Seeds

A

Preserve seeds used by human populations in the past, if environmental catastrophe we could use

85
Q

Barcoding

A

Short sequence(s) of DNA to identify species

86
Q

Plant species becoming extinct at alarming rate

A
  • Due to Unregulated logging, deforestation, flooding from dams, etc.
  • Tight link of some pollinators to plant symbionts
  • Many plants have not been cataloged

fall semester 2024-25 LSSU (10 decks)

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