Unit 6 Flashcards
Relatively permanent change in an organisms behavior due to experience
Learning
In organisms decrease in response to a stimulus with repeated exposure to it
Habituation
Learning that certain events occur together. The events maybe two stimuli or response and his consequences
Associative learning
A type of learning in which one learns to link to or more stimuli and anticipate events
Classical conditioning
The view that psychology should 1)be an objective science that 2)studies the behavior without reference to mental processes. Most research psychologist today agree with one but not two
Behaviorism
In classical conditioning, the unlearned, naturally occurring response to the unconditioned stimulus, such as salivation food is in the mouth
Unconditioned response
In classical conditioning, a stimulus that unconditionally – naturally and automatically – triggers a response
Unconditioned stimulus
Classical conditioning, the learned response to previous neutral stimulus
Conditioned response
In classical conditioning, and originally irrelevant stimulus that, after association with an unconditioned stimulus, comes to trigger a conditioned response
Conditioned stimulus
In classical conditioning, the initial stage, when one links in neutral stimulus and unconditioned stimulus so that the neutral stimulus begins triggering the conditioned response. In operant conditioning, the strengthening of a reinforced response
Acquisition
Procedure in which the condition stimulus is one conditioning experience is paired with a new neutral stimulus. Creating a second condition stimulus. For example an animal that has learned that a tone predicts food might then learn that a light predicts the tone
higher order conditioning
The diminishing of a conditioned response; occurs in classical conditioning when an unconditioned stimulus does not follow a conditioned stimulus an iPhone person operant conditioning on a response is no longer reinforced
Extinction
The reappearance, after a pause, of an extinguished conditioned response
Spontaneous recovery
Tendency, once a response has been conditioned, for stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus to elicit similar responses
Generalization
In classical conditioning, the learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and stimuli that do not signal an unconditioned stimulus
Discrimination
The hopelessness and passive resignation in animal or human learns when unable to avoid repeated adverse events
Learned helplessness
Behavior that occurs as an automatic response to some stimulus
Respondent behavior
A type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher
Operant conditioning
Behavior that operates on the environment, producing consequences
Operant behavior
Thorndike’s principle that behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely that behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences become less like
Law of effect
In operant conditioning research, chamber containing a bar or key that an animal can manipulate to obtain a water or food reinforcer; attached devices record the animals rate of bar pressing or key pecking
Operant chamber
In operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior toward closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior
Shaping
In operant conditioning, a stimulus that elicts a response after association with reinforcement
Discriminative stimulus
In operant conditioning, any event that strengthens the behavior it follows
Reinforcer
Increasing behaviors by presenting positive stimuli such as food
Positive reinforcement
Increasing behaviors by stopping or reducing a negative stimuli such as a shock
Negative reinforcement
And initially reinforcing stimulus, such as one that satisfies a biological need
Primary reinforcer
Stimulus that games it’s reinforcing power through his association with a primary reinforcer; also known as a secondary reinforcer
Conditioned reinforcer
Reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs
Continuous reinforcement
Enforcing a response only part of the time; results and slower accusation of response but much greater resistance to extinction than does continuous reinforcement
Partial reinforcement
In operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified number of responses
Fixed ratio schedule
In operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses
Variable ratio schedule
In operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified time has elapsed
Fixed interval schedule
In operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals
Variable interval schedule
And event that decreases the behavior that it follows
Punishment
A mental representation of the layout of one’s environment. For example after exploring a maze, right active and say have learned to cognitive map of it
Cognitive map
Learning that occurs but is not apparent until his there is an incentive to demonstrate it
Latent learning
A sudden and often novel realization of the solution to a problem
Insight
I desired to perform a behavior effectively for its own sake
Intrinsic motivation
Desire to perform a behavior to receive promised rewards are avoid threaten punishment
Extrinsic motivation
Learning by observing others. Also called social learning
Observational learning
Process of observing and imitating a specific behavior
Modeling
Frontal lobe neurons that fire when performing certain actions or when observing others do so
Mirror neurons
I system for electronically recording, end of line, and feeding back information regarding a subtle physiological state
Biofeedback
Positive, constructive, helpful behavior The opposite of antisocial behavior
Prosocial behavior
